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jūris-prūdentĭa, ae (also separately and prūdentĭa jūris, Cic. de Or. 1, 60, 256; cf. Nep. Cim. 2, 1), f. [2. jus-prudentia], the science of law, jurisprudence (postclass.): jurisprudentia cst divinarum humanarumque rerum notitia, justi atque injusti scientia, Dig. 1, 1, 10, § 2; Just. Inst. 1, 1, 1.

(pĕrōrīga, praeuriga, a false read. for per origam, i. e. aurigam, Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 8; 2, 8, 4; v. Schneid. ad Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 8.)

pistrīnum (pristrīnum, Plaut. Pers. 3, 3, 15 Ritschl; id. Ps. 5, 1, 9 Fleck.), i, n. [pistor], a place where corn is pounded, a pounding-mill, mill; usually worked by horses or asses; but sometimes a lazy or otherwise bad slave was forced to perform this labor (cf. mola).

  1. I. Lit.: ut ferratus in pistrino aetatem conteras, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 6, 11: in pistrinum tradi, id. Most. 1, 1, 16: in pristrino credo, ut convenit fore, id. Ps. 5, 1, 9: te in pistrinum, Dave, dedam usque ad necem, Ter. And. 1, 2, 28: oratorem in judicium, tamquam in aliquod pistrinum, detrudi et compingi videbam, Cic. de Or. 1, 11, 46; Pall. 1, 42.
    As a term of reproach, of bad slaves: pristrinorum civitas, Plaut. Pers. 3, 3, 15.
  2. II. Transf.
    1. A. Because bread was usually baked at the mill, a bakery: exercere pistrinum, Suet. Aug. 4: aliquem in pistrinum submittere, Sen. Ep. 90, 22; swine were fed there upon the bran, Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 27.
    2. B. A wearisome, oppressive labor, drudgery: tibi mecum in eodem est pistrino, Crasse, vivendum, Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144.

† pistris or pristis, is (also pistrix or pristix, ĭcis), f., = πίστρις, πρίστις.

  1. I. Lit., any sea-monster; a whale, shark, sawfish: postrema immani corpore pistrix (of Scylla), Verg. A. 3, 427: in Indico mari pristes ducenum cubitorum, Plin. 9, 3, 2, § 4: jamque agmine toto Pistris adest, Val. Fl. 2, 530: marina pistrix, Flor. 3, 5, 16.
  2. II. Transf.
    1. A. The constellation of the Whale: ad Pistricis terga, Cic. Arat. 152: Auster Pistrin agit, German. Arat. 358.
    2. B. A species of swift-sailing ship, Quadrig. ap. Non. 535, 26; Liv. 35, 26, 1.
      1. 2. Name of a ship in the fleet of Æneas, Verg. A. 5, 116.

portĭo, ōnis (abl. sing. portioni, Inscr. Lat. 206, 38), f. [kindr. with pars and πόρω, to share, impart], a share, part, portion (post-Aug., except in the phrase pro portione; v. in foll. II.).

  1. I. Lit.: Luna aequā portione divisa, Plin. 2, 9, 6, § 42: ex his portio in Italiā consedit, portio in Illyricos sinus penetravit, Just. 24, 4, 2: hereditatis, id. 36, 2, 5; cf. id. 21, 1, 2: quamvis quota portio faecis Achaei, Juv. 3, 61: mox in proflatum additur tertia portio aeris collectanei, Plin. 34, 9, 20, § 97: pari portione inter se mixta pix, cera, alumen, etc., Cels. 4, 24; cf.: glandis cortex et nitrum paribus portionibus, id. 5, 18, 4: nil natura portionibus parit, by parts, piecemeal, Plin. 17, 22, 35, § 177: portio brevissima vitae, Juv. 9, 127: pars A carnaniae, quam in portionem belli acceperat, as his share for his services in the war, Just. 28, 1, 1: vocare aliquem in portionem muneris, id. 5, 2, 9: magna mortalium portio, Plin. 8, 28, 42, § 102.
  2. II. Transf., a relation to any thing, proportion, i. q. proportio.
    1. A. In gen., adverb.
      1. 1. prō portiōne (class.; not in Cæs.), in proportion, proportionally, relatively: pro portione ea omnia facito, Cato, R. R. 106 fin.: pro portione ad majorem fundum vel minorem addere, Varr. R. R. 1, 18, 3: Mamertinis pro portione imperaretur, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 21, § 55; id. Fl. 14, 32; Liv. 34, 50: oportet ut aedibus ac templis vestibula et aditus, sic causis principia pro portione rerum praeponere, in relation, in proportion, Cic. de Or. 2, 79, 320; so, pro ratā portione, Plin. 11, 15, 15, § 40: pro suā scilicet portione, Quint. 10, 7, 28; Censor. de Die Nat. 3.
      2. 2. portĭōne (post-Aug.): cerebrum omnia habent animalia, quae sanguinem: sed homo portione maximum, proportionally, Plin. 11, 37, 49, § 133; so id. 11, 37, 70, § 183; 11, 2, 1, § 2; cf.: hac portione mediocribus agris semina praebenda, Col. 2, 9, 1: quādam portione, Quint. 6, 1, 26: eādem portione, id. 11, 3, 139.
      3. 3. ad portiō-nem (rare and only post Aug.), Plin. 14, 21, 27, § 133; 24, 8, 30, § 46: ad suam quisque portionem, id. 36, 16, 25, § 9: supra portionem, Col. 7, 1, 2.
    2. B. Subst.: eadem ad decem homines servabitur portio, the same proportion, Curt. 7, 11, 12: portionem servare, Col. 11, 2, 87; cf.: proportione servatā, id. 8, 11, 6.

† practĭcus, a, um, adj., = πρακτικός, active (post-class.): vita, Fulg. Myth. 2, 1.

prae, adv., and prep. with abl. [for prai, kindred with Sanscr. prefix pra-, before; Gr. πρό, πρίν, πρόσω; cf.: pro, prior, porro, primus].

  1. I. Adv., before, in front.
    1. A. Lit. (ante-class.): abi prae, Sosia, Jam ego sequar, go before, go in advance, Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 45: i prae, sequar, Ter. And. 1, 1, 144; id. Eun. 5, 2, 69: i tu prae, virgo; non queo, quod pone me est, servare, Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 1: age, age nunc tu, i prae, id. Pers. 4, 4, 56.
    2. B. Trop., as a particle of comparison, with ut, quam, or quod (also written in one word, praeut and praequam; cf. Wagner ad Plaut. Aul. 503), in comparison with, compared with (ante- and post-class. and colloq.): parum etiam, praeut futurum est praedicas, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 218; id. Bacch. 4, 9, 5: immo noster nunc quidem est de verbis, prae ut dudum fuit, id. Men. 5, 5, 33; 2, 3, 25: nihil hercle quidem hoc, Prae ut alia dicam, id. Mil. 1, 1, 20; id. Merc. 2, 4, 2: ludum dices fuisse, praeut hujus rabies quae dabit, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 9: satin’ parva res est voluptatum in vitā atque in aetate agundā, praequam quod molestum’st? in comparison with the trouble, Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 2: nihil hoc est, triginta minae, prae quam alios dapsilis sumptus facit, id. Most. 4, 2, 62 Lorenz ad loc.: jam minoris omnia facio prae quam quibus modis Me ludificatus est, id. ib. 5, 2, 25: sed hoc etiam pulcrum’st praequam sumptus ubi petunt, id. Aul. 3, 5, 33; id. Merc. prol. 23: quae etsi longioribus verbis comprehensa est praequam illud Graecum, etc., Gell. 16, 1, 3: immo res omnis relictas habeo prae quod tu velis, Plaut. Stich. 2, 2, 38.
  2. II. Prep. with abl. (with acc.: prae cornua, prae litteras, Petr. 39, 12; 46, 1), before, in front of, in advance of.
    1. A. Lit.: cavendum erit, ut (villa) a tergo potius quam prae se flumen habeat, before it, Col. 1, 5, 4: limina alia prae aliis erant, App. de Mundo, p. 69, 22.
      Esp. freq.: prae se ferre, agere, mittere, to bear, carry, drive, or send before one’s self: ille qui stillantem prae se pugionem tulit, Cic. Phil. 2, 12, 30: argenti prae se in aerarium tulit quattuordecim milia pondo, Liv. 28, 38, 5: prae se ferens Darium puerum, Suet. Calig. 19: prae se armentum agens, Liv. 1, 7, 4: singulos prae se inermes mittere, Sall. J. 94, 2: prae manu, and, less freq., prae manibus, at hand, on hand (ante- and postclass.): patri reddidi omne aurum, quod fuit prae manu, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 3, 9; Ter. Ad. 5, 9, 23: cum prae manu debitor (pecuniam) non haberet, Dig. 13, 7, 27: si Caesaris liber prae manibus est, promi jubeas, Gell. 19, 8, 6: aes si forte prae manu non fuerit, App. M. 6, p. 180, 30.
    2. B. Trop.
      1. 1. In gen.: prae se ferre, less freq., prae se gerere, declarare, etc., prop. to carry before one’s self. as if to show it; hence, to show, exhibit, manifest, reveal, make known, betray, discover, indicate (freq. and class.), Cic. Agr. 2, 2, 4: fortasse ceteri tectiores: ego semper me didicisse, prae me tuli, id. Or. 42, 146: nec vero cum venit, prae se fert, aut qui sit aut unde veniat, id. Rep. 2, 3, 6: scelus et facinus prae se ferens et confitens, id. Mil. 16, 43: ceteris prae se fert et ostentat, id. Att. 2, 23, 3: beata vita glorianda et praedicanda et prae se ferenda est: nihil est enim aliud quod praedicandum et prae se ferendum sit, id. Tusc. 5, 17, 50: conjecturam prae se gerere. id. Inv. 2, 9, 30: animum altum et erectum prae se gerebat, Auct. B. Afr. 10: prae se declarant gaudia vultu, Cat. 64, 34: prae se maximam speciem ostentare, App. Flor. p. 342, 10.
      2. 2. In partic., in comparisons, in comparison with, compared with (mostly in comparisons which imply a contrast of kind; while praeter refers to a contrast of degree only: dives prae ceteris, in contrast with the others, who are poor: dives praeter ceteros, richer than the other rich ones; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 894).
          1. (α) With positive adj. (class.; v. infra): omnia prae meo commodo, Ter. Ad. 2, 3, 9: omnium unguentum odor prae tuo nautea est, Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 5; id. Men. 1, 2, 67: Gallis prae magnitudine corporum suorum brevitas nostra contemptui est, Caes. B. G. 2, 30: prae divitiis, Liv. 3, 26: videbant omnes prae illo parvi futuros, Nep. Eum. 10, 4; Cic. Agr. 2, 35, 96: veros illos Atticos prae se paene agrestes putat, id. Brut. 83, 286: ab isto prae lucro praedāque nec vectigalium nec posteritatis habitam esse rationem, id. Verr. 2, 3, 55, § 128: non tu quidem vacuus molestiis, sed prae nobis beatus, id. Fam. 4, 4, 2; Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 4: (stultitia) prae ceteris parit immensas cupiditates, Auct. Her. 2, 22, 34.
          2. (β) So with comp. for quam (ante- and post-class.): atque me minoris facio prae illo, Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 85: id prae illo, quod honestum nobis est, fit plenius, Gell. 1, 3, 25; Front. Ep. ad M. Caes. 1, 2; Hier. in Psa. 44, 3; Aug. c. Acad. 1, 22.
      3. 3. In giving the cause, which, as it were, goes before, for, because of, by reason of, on account of (class. only of a hinderance; with an express or implied negation; or with vix, v. Zumpt, § 310): Ulixi cor frixit prae pavore, Liv. Andron. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 1, 92: prae laetitiā lacrumae praesiliunt mihi, Plaut. Stich. 3, 2, 13: prae lassitudine opus est ut lavem, id. Truc. 2, 3, 7; Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 71: prae gaudio ubi sim nescio, id. ib. 2, 3, 67: vivere non quit Prae macie, Lucr. 4, 1167: nec loqui prae maerore potuit, Cic. Planc. 41, 99: quorum ille nomen prae metu ferre non poterat, id. Phil. 13, 9, 20: solem prae jaculorum multitudine non videbitis, id. Tusc. 1, 42, 101: prae irā, Liv. 31, 24 fin.: vix sibimet ipsi prae nec opinato gaudio credentes, id. 39, 49.
        In composition, prae usually denotes,
        1. a. Before: praedico, praebibo, praecaveo, etc.; so too, praeceps, headforemost, headlong.
          In time: praecanus, gray before one’s time.
        2. b. Enhancing the main idea, qs. in advance of others: praealtus, extremely high: praeclarus, very celebrated; praevalidus, very strong, etc.

praeaccĭpĭo, ĕre, 3, v. a., to admit antecedently (late Lat.): miraculis praeacceptis, Cassiod. in Psa. 105, 31.

prae-ăcŭo, ūtum, 3, v. a., to sharpen before or at one end, to sharpen to a point: surculum praeacuito … eum primorem praeacuito, Cato, R. R. 40, 2 and 3.
Hence, praeăcūtus, a, um.

  1. I. Part.
  2. II. P. a., sharpened before or at the end, sharpened, pointed: surculus aridus praeacutus, Cato, R. R. 40, 3: cacumina, Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 2: sudes, Sall. C. 56, 3: tigna paulum ab imo praeacuta, Caes. B. G. 4, 17: cuspis, Ov. M. 7, 131: bipennis, Plin. 8, 8, 8, § 26: scopuli, id. 9, 10, 12, § 38.
    Hence, praeăcūtē, adv., very acutely, App. Mag. p. 296, 26.

‡ prae-aequo, āre, v. a., to make equal before, Not. Tir. p. 76.

praealtē, adv., v. praealtus fin.

prae-altus, a, um, adj. (not in Cic. or Cæs.).

  1. I. Verg high: praealtae rupes, Liv. 40, 58: jugum, Auct. B. Afr. 37, 3: volatus volucrum, Plin. 2, 10, 7, § 48.
    Comp.: Saturni praealtius omnibus sidus, Mart. Cap. 8, § 886.
  2. II. Very deep: ostium fluminis praealti, Liv. 10, 2: mare, Plin. 5, 19, 17, § 76; Curt. 4, 2, 9: proxima terrae praealta sunt, Sall. J. 78, 2: paludes, Tac. H. 5, 15.
    Sup.: praealtissimus puteus, App. M. 8, p. 365 Oud.
    Adv.: praealtē, very deeply (post-class.): trabes in terram praealte defigitur, Veg. Mil. 4, 21.

prae-ambŭlo, āre, v. n., to walk before (post-class.), Mart. Cap. 9, § 905.

praeambŭlus, a, um, adj. [prae-ambulo], walking before (post-class.), Mart. Cap. 9, § 215: matre praeambulā, id. 2, § 996.

prae-audĭo, īvi, ītum, 4, v. a., to hear beforehand, Cassiod. Hist. Eccl. 9, 14.
Hence, prae -audītus, a, um, Part., heard before, examined before (post-class.): custodiae, Dig. 1, 16, 6.

praebenda, ae, f. [praebeo], the support or allowance afforded by the State to a private person, Cassiod. Var. 5, 39.

praebĕo, ŭi, ĭtum (old inf. praeberier, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 49; id. Am. 4, 2, 7), 2, v. a. [contr. from praehibeo, q. v. from prae-habeo], to hold forth, reach out, proffer, offer (class., esp. in the trop. signif.; syn.: ministro, suppedito, suggero).

  1. I. Lit.: canis parvulo praebens ubera, Just. 1, 4: cibum de manu, Col. 9, 1, 6: collum cultris, Juv 10, 269: praebenda gladio cervix, id. 10, 345: jugulum, Sen. Agam. 973: cervicem, Petr. 97: os ad contumeliam, Liv. 4, 35: verberibus manus, Ov. A. A. 1, 16: aures, to give ear, listen, attend, Liv. 38, 52; Vulg.Sap. 6, 3: aurem, id. Job, 6, 28.
  2. II. Transf., in gen., to give, grant, furnish, supply: aurum, vestem, purpuram Bene praebeo, nec quicquam eges, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 11: panem, Nep. Them. 10, 3: sumptum, Just. 31, 4, 1: spectaculum, Sall. J. 14, 23: sponsalia, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6, 1: vicem, to supply the place of: vicem postium, to supply the place of posts, serve as posts, Plin. 8, 10, 10, § 31: eundem usum, id. 28, 11, 49, § 179.
    1. B. Trop., to give, grant, furnish, render, cause, make, occasion; to show, exhibit, represent; and with se, to show, approve, behave one’s self in a certain manner: operam reipublicae, Liv. 5, 4: materiam seditionis, id. 3, 46: honorem alicui, Plin. 15, 4, 5, § 19 (al. perhibuit): fidem alicui in periculis, Nep. Att. 4, 4.
      Esp. with se and acc. of adj.: se talem alicui, qualem, etc., Cic. Rosc. Am. 4, 11: in re misericordem et in testimonio religiosum se praebuit, id. Caecin. 10, 26: Pompeius se auctorem meae salutis praebuit, id. Sest. 50, 107: in eo vehementer se moderatum praebere, id. Off. 2, 21, 73: se in malis hominem praebuit, id. Fam. 15, 17, 3: se dignum suis majoribus, id. ib. 2, 18, 3: in eos, qui ea perficere voluerunt, me severum vehementemque praebeo, id. Cat. 4, 6, 12: me similem in utroque praebui, towards both, id. Sull. 8, 16.
      With nom. of adj. (very rare): ut vobis videtur, praebebit se periculis fortis, Sen. Ep. 85, 26.
      With abl.: pari se virtute praebuit, Nep. Dat. 2, 1: in eo magistratu pari diligentiā se Hannibal praebuit, id. Hann. 7, 5.
      So, also, without se: Phormio in hac re ut aliis strenuum hominem praebuit, Ter. Phorm. 3, 1, 12; so, too, in neutr. signif. of a woman, to surrender herself to her lover: odi quae praebet, quia sit praebere necesse, Ov. A. A. 2, 685: praebere se legibus, i. e. to resign one’s self to, submit to, Sen. Ep. 70, 9: praebere causam tollendi indutias, to give, Liv. 30, 4: suspicionem insidiarum, Nep. Dat. 10, 3: spem impunitatis aut locum peccandi, Col. 11, 1: gaudium et metum, Liv. 25, 27: tumultum, id. 28, 1: opinionem timoris, Caes. B. G. 3, 17: sonitum, Liv. 7, 36: caput argutae historiae, matter for an entertaining story, Prop. 3 (4), 20, 28: ludos, to furnish sport, Ter. Eun. 5, 6, 9.
      With an obj.-clause, to permit, allow, let a thing be done (poet.): quae toties rapta est, praebuit ipsa rapi, suffered herself to be carried off, Ov. H. 5, 132.
      Hence, praebĭta, ōrum, n., what is furnished for support, allowance (postAug.): annua, Col. 1, 8, 17: praebitis annuis privavit, Suet. Tib. 50.

‡ praebĭa, ōrum, n. [praebeo], an amulet: praebia a praebendo ut sit tutus, quod sint remedia in collo pueris, Varr. L. L. 7, § 107 Müll.: praebia, remedia, Paul. ex Fest. p. 235: φυλακτήριον, servatorium, amolimentum, amuletum, praebia, Gloss. Cyrill.

prae-bĭbo, bĭbi, 3, v. a., to drink before, drink to one (rare but class.): ei cui venenum praebiberat (= propinaverat), * Cic. Tusc. 1, 40, 96; App. M. 10, p. 246, 35: dabimus aquam praebibendam, Cael. Aur. Tard. 1, 4, 93: προπίνω, propino, probibo (leg. praebibo), Gloss. Gr. Lat.

praebĭta, ōrum, v. praebeo fin.

praebĭtĭo, ōnis, f. [praebeo], a giving, furnishing.

  1. I. In gen. (ante-class.), Varr. ap. Non. 152, 33.
  2. II. In partic., a supplying, providing for the use of the State (post-class.): gravari copiarum praebitione, Just. 38, 10, 8: adventitiae olei frumentique, Aur. Vict. Caes. 41, 19: injusta, Vulg. 2 Macc. 4, 14.

praebĭtor, ōris, m. [praebeo]. In gen., a giver, furnisher, supplier (rare but class.): usitati muneris, Ambros. Job et Dav. 2, 5, 20.
Esp.,

    1. 1. Minister et praebitor, who provided support for the officers of the government visiting the province, * Cic. Off. 2, 15, 53.
    2. 2. A purveyor, contractor for government, Inscr. Giorn. Arcad. t. 24, p. 82.

praebĭtus, a, um, Part., from praebeo.

prae-cădens, entis, Part. [cado], falling forwards, projecting (post-class.): pollex praecadens, Cael. Aur. Tard. 5, 4.

prae-caeco, āre, 1, v. a., to blind beforehand, Ven. Fort. v. Ger. 33.

prae-caedo, ĕre, v. praecido init.

prae-călĕfactus and prae-cal-factus, a, um, Part. [calefacio], warmed very much, heated (post-class.): prae-calefacta apponere, Cael. Aur. Acut. 1, 17, 169; Scrib. Comp. 156: cera praecalfacta, id. ib. 238.

prae-călĭdus, a, um, adj., very warm, hot (post-Aug.): potio, Tac. A. 13, 16: sanguis, Prud. ap. Symm. 2, 320.

prae-calvus, a, um, adj., very bald (post-Aug.): caput, Suet. Galb. 21.

prae-candĭdus, a, um, adj., very white (very rare): margarita (al. percandida), Maecen. ap. Isid. Orig. 19, 32.

prae-căno, ĕre (perf. praececini), v. a.

  1. I. To foretell, predict, prophesy (post-class.; for the class. praecino), Tert. adv. Jud. 10; id. adv. Marc. 4, 40; Mamert. Genethl. 10 (al. praecinebant; v. praecino, II.).
  2. * II. To anticipate, i. e. prevent, destroy in advance the power of an enchantment: aiunt (viperam) praecanere, Plin. 29, 4, 21, § 69 dub. (perh. recanere, cf. id. 28, 2, 4, § 19).

praecantātĭo, ōnis, f. [praecanto], an enchantment (late Lat.), Aug. in Joann. 7 med.; Quint. Decl. 19, 4; Isid. Orig. 8, 9; Pelag. Vet. 7 med.

praecantātor, ōris, m. [praecanto], an enchanter, sorcerer (late Lat.), Aug. in Joann. 7 med.

(praecantātrix, īcis, a false reading for praecantrix, q. v., Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 99; Aug. in Psa. 127, 11.)

prae-canto, no perf., ātum, 1, v. a.

  1. I. To foretell, prophesy (ante-class.), Lucil. ap. Non. 102, 9.
  2. II. To enchant, bewitch (postAug.), Petr. 131 (for Cic. Fin. 2, 29, 94, v. praecento.

praecantor, ōris, m. [praecano], an enchanter (late Lat.), Aug. in Psa. 127, 11.

praecantrix, īcis, f. [praecantor], an enchantress, sorceress (ante-class.), Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 99 (v. Ritschl ad h. l.); Varr. ap. Non. 494, 27.

* prae-cānus, a, um, adj., gray before one’s time: corporis exigui, praecanum, Hor. Ep. 1, 20, 24 (ante tempus canum, Schol. Cruqu.).

prae-carpo, v. praecerpo.

prae-cătēchīzātus, a, um, Part. [catechizo], previously instructed (eccl. Lat.): praecatechizatus a prophetis, Vulg. Interpr. Iren. 4.

praecautĭo, ōnis, f. [praecaveo], precaution (post-class.): passionis avertendae praecautio, Cael. Aur. Acut. 1, 15.

prae-cautus, a, um, Part., from praecaveo.

prae-căvĕo, cāvi, cautum, 2, v. a. and n., to guard against beforehand.

  1. I. Act., to guard against, seek to avert, obviate, or prevent (class.; syn. provideo): illud praecavendum est mihi, Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 107: peccata, quae difficillime praecaventur, Cic. Rosc. Am. 40, 116: quod a me ita praecautum atque ita provisum est, id. Att. 2, 1, 6: ita mihi res tota provisa atque praecauta est, ut, etc., id. Verr. 2, 4, 42, § 91: venena, Suet. Calig. 23: injurias, Gell. 7, 3, 41: malam diem, Vulg. Eccl. 7, 15.
  2. II. Neutr., to take care or heed, to use precaution, to be on one’s guard, to beware (class.): ferae, quibus abest ad praecavendum intellegendi astutia, Pac. ap. Cic. Fin. 5, 11, 31 (Trag. Rel. p. 103 Rib.); Plaut. Truc. 2, 5, 21: providentem ante et praecaventem, Cic. Planc. 22, 53: praecaventibus fatis, Vell. 2, 12, 1: ab insidiis, to guard against, Liv. 9, 17.
    With ne: id ne accideret, magnopere sibi praecavendum Caesar existimabat, Caes. B. G. 1, 38, 2; cf.: satis undique provisum atque praecautum est, ne, etc., Liv. 36, 17, 12: cum videtur praecaveri potuisse, si provisum esset, Cic. Tusc. 3, 22, 52; cf. id. Inv. 2, 32, 99.
    With dat., to provide for, take precautions for one’s safety: sibi, Ter. And. 3, 5, 18.
    In part. perf.: sed praecauto’st opus, ne, etc., there is need of caution, Plaut. Merc. 2, 2, 61.

prae-cēdo, cessi, cessum, 3, v. a. and n., to go before, precede (seems not to occur in Cic., Nep., Tac., or Sall.; once in Cæs.; syn.: antecedo, anteverto).

  1. I. Act., to go before, precede a person or thing.
    1. A. Lit. (poet. and in post-Aug. prose): aliquem, Suet. Dom. 14: custodes, Just. 14, 4: agmen, Verg. A. 9, 47: is praecedens agmen militum ad tribunal pergit, Liv. 7, 13, 2: praetoriā nave praecedente classem, id. 35, 26, 7; 38, 41, 12: taurus armenta praecedit, Sen. Ep. 90, 4; id. Contr. 3, 16, 8: exsequias fax cereusque praecessit, id. Tranq. 11, 7: gradum nostrum aut praecedentes aut sequentes, Vell. 2, 114, 1.
      Of inanimate subjects: at quae venturas praecedet sexta Calendas, Ov. F. 1, 705; Vell. 2, 129, 3.
    2. B. Trop., to surpass, outstrip, outdo, excel, be superior to (rare but class.): Helvetii reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, excel in bravery, Caes. B. G. 1, 1, 4: ego vestros honores rebis gerendis praecessi, Liv. 38, 51, 11: ceteras omnis sapore praecedere, Col. 3, 2, 7: omnes, Val. Max. 1, 1, 14: Baetica cunctas provinciarum divite cultu praecedit, Plin. 3, 1, 3, § 7: in quo praecessit omnes D. Silanus, id. 18, 3, 5, § 23: omnes sapientiā, Vulg. Eccl. 1, 16.
  2. II. Neutr., to go before, precede, lead the way (class.).
    1. A. Lit.: opus esse et ipsos praecedere ad confirmandam civitatem, Caes. B. G. 7, 54: cum equite, ut prius venisse quam venturum sciant, praecedam, Liv. 22, 51, 2: praecedebat ipse vinctus, sequebatur grex, etc., id. 30, 13, 2; 39, 39, 8; 42, 59, 1: equitem ex Paeoniā praecedere jubet, Curt. 4, 12, 22; 3, 4, 13; 5, 8, 5; Suet. Galb. 12; id. Calig. 32: cervi maria tranant capita imponentes praecedentium clunibus, Plin. 8, 32, 50, § 114.
      1. 2. Of inanim. subjects: fama loquax praecessit ad aures, Deïanira, tuas, Ov. M. 9, 137: umbra, id. ib. 5, 614; Plin 31, 6, 33, § 64: nullā praecedente injuriā, without previous injury, id. 11, 37, 55, § 149.
    2. B. Transf., to be older: decem et octo annis, Just. Inst. 1, 11, 4.
    3. C. Trop., to surpass, excel; with the dat. (ante-class.): ut vostrae fortunae meis praecedunt longe, Plaut. As. 3, 3, 39.

prae-cĕler, cĕlĕris, e, adj., very swift or quick (post-Aug.): viri cursu praeceleres, Stat. Th. 6, 550: vis, Plin. 9, 46, 70, § 153: fuga, id. 8, 23, 35, § 86.

prae-cĕlĕro, āre, v. a. and n., to hasten before or in advance (poet.).

  1. I. Act.: ducem, Stat. Th. 4, 798.
  2. II. Neutr.: calle latenti, Stat. Th. 2, 497.

prae-cellens, entis, Part. and P. a., from praecello.

praecellentĭa, ae, f. [praecellens], excellence (eccl. Lat.): praecellentia divinitatis, Tert. Apol. 23.

praecellĕo, ēre, v. praecello init.

prae-cello, ĕre (collat. form, acc. to the 2d conj.; pres. praecellet, Plaut. Ps. 2, 3, 13; perh. originally written praecellit), v. a. and n., to rise above others.

  1. I. Act., to surpass, excel any one (post-Aug.; syn. antecello): praecellere aliquam fecunditate, Tac. A. 2, 43; Dig. 50, 2, 6.
  2. II. Neutr.
    1. A. To distinguish one’s self, to excel (syn. excello): ut quisque fortunā utitur, Ita praecellet, Plaut. Ps. 2, 3, 14: praecellere mobilitate, Lucr. 2, 161: odore et suavitate, Plin. 15, 21, 23, § 85: dignitate inter aliquos, Dig. 2, 14, 8: praecellere per insignem nobilitatem et eloquentiam, Tac. A. 3, 24.
    2. B. Alicui.
      1. 1. To be superior to, to excel: mortalibus, Sil. 15, 74.
      2. 2. To preside or rule over (Tacitean): genti, Tac. A. 12, 15.
        Hence, prae-cellens, entis, P. a., surpassing, excellent, eminent, distinguished (class.).
      1. 1. Of persons: vir et animo et virtute praecellens, Cic. Balb. 10, 25.
        Sup.: vir omnibus rebus praecellentissimus, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 44, § 97.
      2. 2. Of things: uniones magnitudine praecellentes, Plin. 9, 35, 56, § 113: formā praecellente, id. 7, 53, 54, § 184: vir ingenii praecellentis, Gell. 19, 8, 3.
        Comp.: arbor pomo et suavitate praecellentior, Plin. 12, 6, 12, § 24.

prae-celsus, a, um, adj., very high or lofty (class.; poet. and late Lat.; cf.: arduus, sublimis, excelsus).

  1. I. Lit.: rupes, Verg. A. 3, 245; Sulp. Sev. Chron. 2, 15, 9.
  2. II. Trop.: Fortuna, Stat. S. 3, 3, 85.
    Comp., Ambros. Fid. 4, 1, 7; id. in Luc. 3, 3, 37 (but Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 48, § 107, perexcelso, B. and K.).

praecentĭo, ōnis, f. [praecino], a singing or playing before a sacrifice, a battle, etc., a prelude, Cic. Har. Resp. 10, 21: tran quilla, Gell. 1, 11, 4.

praecento, āre [prae-canto], to sing before, to offer consolation in song: huic Epicurus praecentet, si potest, cum, etc., Cic. Fin. 2, 29, 94 B. and K.; v. Madv. ad loc.

praecentor, ōris, m. [praecino], a leader in music, precentor (post-class.): praecentor in choris, App. Mund. p. 74, 3; cf.: praecentor qui vocem praemittit (opp. succentor), Aug. Enarr. in Psa. 87; cf. Isid. 7, 12, 27.

praecentōrĭus, a, um, adj. [praecentor], of or belonging to a prelude (postclass.): harundines, Sol. 5, 19.

praeceps, cĭpĭtis (old form praecĭ-pes, cĭpis, Plaut. Rud. 3, 3, 8; id. et Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 725 P. (Ann. v. 391 Vahl.; abl. praecipiti), adj. [prae-caput].

  1. I. Lit., headforemost, headlong (class.): praecipitem trahi, Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 79: aliquem praecipitem deicere, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86: praeceps ad terram datus, dashed to the ground, Liv. 31, 37: praeceps curru ab alto Desilit, Ov. M. 12, 128: hic se praecipitem tecto dedit, threw himself headlong from the roof, Hor. S. 1, 2, 41: aliquem in praeceps jacere, headlong, Tac. A. 4, 22; so, jacto in praeceps corpore, id. ib. 6, 49; cf.: in praeceps deferri, Liv. 5, 47.
    For in praeceps, in late Lat., per praeceps occurs: abiit grex per praeceps in mare, Vulg. Matt. 8, 32; id. Judic. 5, 22.
    Hence, of one going rapidly, headforemost, headlong: de ponte Ire praecipitem in lutum per caputque pedesque, Cat. 17, 9: se jacere praecipitem e vertice, id. 63, 244; Verg. A. 5, 860: ab equo praeceps decidit, Ov. Ib. 259: (apes) praecipites Cadunt, Verg. G. 4, 80: aliquem praecipitem agere, to drive headlong, Cic. Caecin. 21, 60; Verg. A. 5, 456: praecipites se fugae mandabant, Caes. B. G. 2, 24: Monoeten In mare praecipitem deturbat, Verg. A. 5, 175; cf.: praeceps amensque cucurri, Ov. M. 7, 844: praeceps Fertur, is borne headlong, rushes, Hor. S. 1, 4, 30: nuntii, Tac. H. 2, 6.
    1. B. Transf., of inanim. things.
      1. 1. Of localities, qs. that descend suddenly in front, i. e. downhill, steep, precipitous: in declivi ac praecipiti loco, Caes. B. G. 4, 33: via (opp. plana), Cic. Fl. 42, 105: saxa, Liv. 38, 23: fossae, Ov. M. 1, 97; Verg. A. 11, 888: iter, Ov. Tr. 4, 3, 74; cf. trop.: iter ad malum praeceps ac lubricum, Cic. Rep. 1, 28, 44: loci, Col. 1, 2: mons, Plin. Pan. 16.
        1. b. Subst.: praeceps, cĭpĭtis, n., a steep place, a precipice: turrim in praecipiti stantem, Verg. A. 2, 460: specus vasto in praeceps hiatu, Plin. 2, 45, 44, § 115: in praeceps pervenitur, Vell. 2, 3, 4: immane, Juv. 10, 107: altissimum, App. M. 4, p. 144 med.
          In plur.: in praecipitia cursus iste deducit, Sen. Ep. 8, 4.
      2. 2. Sinking, declining: (in vitibus) praecipites palmites dicuntur, qui de hornotinis virgis enati in duro alligantur, Col. 5, 6, 33: sol Praecipitem lavit aequore currum, Verg. G. 3, 359: jam praeceps in occasum sol erat, Liv. 10, 42: dies, id. 4, 9; cf.: senectus, Curt. 6, 5, 3.
      3. 3. In gen., swift, rapid, rushing, violent (poet.; syn.: celer, velox): praeceps Anio, Hor. C. 1, 7, 13: Boreas, Ov. M. 2, 185: nox, fleeting, transient, id. ib. 9, 485: procella, Stat. Th. 5, 419: oceani fragor, Val. Fl. 3, 404: letum, Sen. Hippol. 262: remedium, Curt. 3, 6, 2.
  2. II. Trop., headlong, hasty, rash, precipitate.
    1. A. In gen. (class.): noster erus, qui scelestus sacerdotem anum praecipes Reppulit, Plaut. Rud. 3, 3, 10: sol jam praecipitans me quoque haec praecipitem paene evolvere coëgit, almost headlong, precipitately, Cic. de Or. 3, 55, 209: agunt eum praecipitem poenae civium Romanorum, chase, pursue, id. Verr. 2, 1, 3, § 7: praecipitem amicum ferri sinere, to rush into the abyss, id. Lael. 24, 89: quoniam ab inimicis praeceps agor, am pursued, Sall. C. 31, 9: praeceps celeritas dicendi, Cic. Fl. 20, 48: profectio, Att. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 10, 6: occumbunt multi letum … praecipe cursu, in rapid destruction, Enn. l. l.
      With gen.: SI NON FATORVM PRAECEPS HIC MORTIS OBISSET, sudden as regards fate, Inscr. Grut. 695, 9, emended by Minervini in Bullet. Arch. Napol. III. 1845, p. 41 (but Minervini’s assumption of a new adj., praeceps, from praecipio, anticipating fale, is unnecessary).
    2. B. In partic.
      1. 1. Rash, hasty, inconsiderate: homo in omnibus consiliis praeceps, Cic. Phil. 5, 13, 37: praeceps et effrenata mens, id. Cael. 15, 35: praeceps consilium et immaturum, Suet. Aug. 8: cogitatio, id. Calig. 48: audacia, Val. Max. 1, 6, 7.
      2. 2. Inclined to any thing: praeceps in avaritiam et crudelitatem animus, Liv. 26, 38: praeceps ingenio in iram, id. 23, 7: animus ad flagitia praeceps, Tac. A. 16, 21.
      3. 3. Dangerous, hazardous, critical: in tam praecipiti tempore, Ov. F. 2, 400.
        Hence,
        1. b. Subst.: praeceps, cĭpĭtis, n.
          1. (α) Great danger, extremity, extreme danger, critical circumstances: se et prope rem publicam in praeceps dederat, brought into extreme danger, Liv. 27, 27: levare Aegrum ex praecipiti, Hor. S. 2, 3, 292: aeger est in praecipiti, Cels. 2, 6.
          2. (β) The highest part, summit, sublimity (postAug.): omne in praecipiti vitium stetit, at its point of culmination, Juv. 1, 149: debet orator erigi, attolli, efferri, ac saepe accedere ad praeceps, to verge on the sublime, Plin. Ep. 9, 26, 2.
            Hence, adv.: prae-ceps, headlong.
      1. 1. Lit.: aliquem praeceps trahere, Tac. A. 4, 62: ex his fulgoribus quaedam praeceps eunt, similia prosilientibus stellis, Sen. Q. N. 1, 15, 2: moles convulsa dum ruit intus immensam vim mortalium praeceps trahit atque operit, Tac. A. 4, 62: toto praeceps se corpore ad undas Misit, Verg. A. 4, 253.
      2. 2. Trop.: eversio rei familiaris dignitatem ac famam praeceps dabat, brought into danger, Tac. A. 6, 17: praeceps in exsilium acti, suddenly, hastily, Amm. 29, 1, 21.

praeceptĭo, ōnis, f. [praecipio].

  1. I. A taking beforehand, a receiving in advance (jurid. Lat.): per praeceptionem legamus, Ulp. Reg. 24, 2: dotis, Dig. 23, 4, 26: per praeceptionem legare, Gai. Inst. 2, 192; 216; Paul. Sent. 3, 6, 1.
    1. B. The right of receiving in advance: praeceptionem quadringentorum milium dedit, Plin. Ep. 5, 7, 1: bonorum, Dig. 33, 7, 2.
  2. II. A previous notion, preconception: ad eam praeceptionem accedere, quam inchoatam habebunt in animis, Cic. Part. 36, 123.
  3. III. A precept, injunction (class.): lex est recti praeceptio, pravique depulsio, Cic. N. D. 2, 31, 79: Stoicorum, id. Off. 1, 2, 6: in juris scientiā est persecutionum cautionumque praeceptio, id. Or. 41, 141.
      1. 2. Esp., an imperial rescript or order, Cod. Just. 1, 11, 2; 11, 59, 3.

praeceptīvē, adv., v. praeceptivus fin.

praeceptīvus, a, um, adj. [praecipio], preceptive, didactic (post-Aug.): pars philosophiae, quam Graeci παραινετικήν vocant, nos praeceptivam dicimus, Sen. Ep. 95, 1: portemus praeceptivo modo dicens, in the preceptive, hortatory mode, Tert. Res. Carn. 49; Ambros. Vid. 12, 73; id. in Luc. 6, 90.
Hence, adv.: praeceptīvē, preceptively, didactically (eccl. Lat.): portemus inquit, non portabimus, praeceptive, non promissive, Tert. adv. Marc. 5, 10.

‡ praecepto, āre, v. freq. a. [praecipio], to prescribe often: praeceptat, in Saliari carmine est saepe praecipit, Fest. p. 205 Müll.

praeceptor, ōris, m. [praecipio].

  1. I. One who seizes beforehand, an anticipator (postclass.): servilium praeceptor operum (al. praereptor, al. praecerptor), Paul. Nol. Ep. 23, n. 4.
  2. II. A commander, ruler (postclass.), Gell. 1, 13, 8.
  3. III. A teacher, instructor, preceptor (class.): praeceptor tuus, qui te hanc fallaciam docuit, Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 96: vivendi atque dicendi, Cic. de Or. 3, 15, 57: praeceptor et auctor omnium consiliorum totiusque vitae, id. Phil. 2, 6, 14: fortitudinis, id. Fam. 5, 13, 3: philosophiae, Nep. Epam. 2, 2: recti bonique, Petr. 88: ut praeceptori verborum regula constet, Juv. 7, 230.
    Of Christ: Jesu praeceptor, miserere nostri, Vulg. Luc. 17, 13 al.: nostri praeceptores putant, our authorities, Gai. Inst. 2, 219; 3, 87 et saep.

praeceptōrĭus, a, um, v. praecursorius.

praeceptrix, īcis, f. [praeceptor], a preceptress (class.): sapientiā praeceptrice, Cic. Fin. 1, 13, 43: praeceptrix et magistra, Vitr. 10, 1.

praeceptum, i, n., v. praecipio fin.

praeceptus, a, um, Part., from praecipio.

prae-cerpo (praecarpo, Oppius ap. Macr. S. 2, 15), psi, ptum, 3, v. a. [carpo].

  1. I. To pluck, break off, or gather before, or before the time (poet. and in post-Aug. prose): messes, Ov. H. 20, 143: germinum tenera, Plin. 18, 19, 49, § 177: mala citrea (opp. maturescere), Oppius ap. Macr. l. l.
    1. B. Trop., to pluck beforehand; hence, to take away, lessen, diminish (class.): non praecerpo fructum officii tui, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 37, § 80: purpurae decus praecerptum praefloratumque, Plin. Pan. 58 fin.: gratiam novitatis, id. Ep. 5, 20, 8.
  2. * II. To pluck out in front: jubas, Stat. Th. 9, 193.
  3. * III. To make extracts from: Aristotelis libros, Gell. 2, 30, 11.

praecerptus, a, um, Part., from praecerpo.

(prae-certātĭo, a false read. for par certatio, Auct. Her. 4, 30, 41.)

praecessor, ōris, m. [praecedo].

  1. I. A predecessor (eccl. Lat.): alicujus, Tert. adv. Prax. 1; Hier. in Ruf. 3, n. 20.
  2. II. A superior in rank, Vulg. Luc. 22, 26.

1. praecĭa, ae, m. [prae-cieo], a public crier or herald who preceded the flamen and bade the artisans leave off their work for a while, in order not to desecrate the solemnities, Paul. ex Fest. p. 224 Müll.; App. M. 11, p. 261, 28 (acc. to conject.; codd. plerique).
They were also called praeciamitatores, Fest. p. 249 Müll. (acc. to Müller, observation on praecia, p. 224, a, praeciamitatores is perhaps corrupted from praeciaminatores, which is formed from praeciaminare, a lengthened form for praeciare, from praecia; but the word was more probably corrupted at an early period from praeclamitatores).

2. praecĭa, v. preciae.

Praecĭānus, a, um, adj.: vinum, a celebrated kind of wine, Plin. 14, 6, 8, § 60 (Praetetianus, Jahn): Praecianum pirum, Macr. S. 2, 15.

praecīdānĕus, a, um, adj. [praecaedo].

  1. I. Lit., that is slaughtered or sacrificed before (ante and post-class.): porca praecidanea, the preliminary sacrifice of a sow, Cato, R. R. 134: quod humatus non sit, heredi porca praecidanea suscipienda Telluri et Cereri: aliter familia pura non est, Varr. ap. Non. 163, 21; cf.: praecidaneae hostiae dicuntur, quae ante sacrificia sollemnia pridie caeduntur. Porca etiam praecidanea appellata, quam piaculi gratiā, ante fruges novas fieri coeptas immolari Cereri mos fuit, si qui familiam funestam aut non purgaverant, aut aliter eam rem, quam oportuerat, procuraverant, Gell. 4, 6, 7: praecidanea agna vocabatur, quae ante alias caedebatur. Item porca quae Cereri mactabatur ab eo, qui mortuo justa non fecisset, id est glebam non objecisset, quia mos erat eis id facere, priusquam novas fruges gustarent, Paul. ex Fest. p. 233 Müll.
  2. II. Transf.: feriae praecidaneae, a preliminary festival, Atei. Capito ap. Gell. 4, 6, 10.

* praecīdārĭus, a, um, adj., for praecidaneus, Mar. Vict. p. 2470 P.

prae-cīdo (old form praecaedit, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 18), cīdi, cīsum, 3, v. a. [caedo], to cut off in front; hence, in gen., to cut off.

  1. I. Lit. (class.); constr. with acc. alone, or with acc. and dat. or gen. of person.
          1. (α) With acc. and dat.: linguam alicui, Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 12: manum alicui gladio, Cic. Inv. 2, 20, 59: aures, nasum et labia alicui, Just. 1, 10, 5.
          2. (β) With acc. and gen.: collegae sui praecidi caput jussit, Cic. Tusc. 5, 19, 55: quae patrem occiderit, manus ejus praecidantur, Sen. Contr. 9, 27, 8.
          3. (γ) With acc.: manus, Hirt. B. G. 8, 44: caput, Quadrig. ap. Gell. l. l.: capita, Petr. 1: medici membra praecidunt, Quint. 8, 3, 75: capillos, id. ib. 8, 3, 105: ancoras, to cut the cables, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 34, § 88: fistulas, quibus aqua suppeditatur, id. Rab. Perd. 11, 31: traducem, Plin. 17, 23, 35, § 211.
    1. B. Transf.
      1. 1. To cut through, cut up (class.): cotem novaculā, Cic. Div. 1, 17, 32: linguam Nicanoris praecisam jussit particulatim avibus dari, Vulg. 2 Macc. 15, 33: naves, to cripple, make unfit for service, Cic. Att. 9, 6, 3.
      2. 2. To beat to pieces, to batter, smash (ante-class.): praecide os tu illi, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 52 (dub.; cf. id. Pers. 2, 4, 12 Ritschl).
      3. 3. Praecidere sinum maris, to cut off, avoid, i. e. to sail straight (postAug.), Sen. Ep. 53, 1: medium mare, Auct. Quint. Decl. 12, 22; cf. iter, Plin. 8, 22, 34, § 83.
  2. II. Trop., to cut off, to take away.
    1. A. Of speech, to cut short, abridge; to cut short one’s words, to be brief, break off or finish abruptly: dum te obtuetur, interim linguam oculi praeciderunt, Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 56: maximam partem defensionis, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 62, § 151: sibi licentiam libertatemque vivendi, id. ib. 2, 3, 1, § 3: sibi reditum, id. Pis. 22, 51: per abscissionem significatio fit, si, cum incipimus aliquid dicere, praecidimus, Auct. Her. 4, 54, 67: brevi praecidam, in a word, in short, briefly, Cic. Sen. 16, 57: praecide, inquit, cut it short, be brief, id. Ac. 2, 43, 133.
    2. B. To break off, cut off, end, destroy; esp. with spem: si non praeciditur spes plebeio quoque, apiscendi summi honoris, Liv. 4, 3, 7: praecisa consulatūs spes erit, id. 4, 3, 15; 24, 31, 12; 42, 50, 1: id sum assecutus, ut una hora perdito spem judicii corrumpendi praeciderem, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 7, § 20: utrum spem nostram praecidat an differat, Sen. Ira, 3, 28, 4; id. Ben. 2, 5, 1.
      Also of friendship, etc.: amicitias repente praecidere, to break off suddenly (opp. sensim dissuere), Cic. Off. 1, 33, 120.
    3. C. To deny flatly, refuse, decline, etc.: plane sine ullā exceptione praecidit, flatly refused, Cic. Att. 8, 4, 2: cupiebam eum esse nobiscum: quod quia praeciderat, id. ib. 10, 16, 1.
      Hence, praecīsus, a, um, P. a.
    1. A. Lit., cut or torn off, separated (poet.): Trinacria Italiā praecisa, Manil. 4, 630.
      Subst.: praecī-sum, i, n., a piece of meat cut off, a cutlet, steak (ante-class.), Naev. ap. Non. 151, 2: praeciso capi, Lucil. ib.
      1. 2. Transf.
        1. a. Castrated (post-class.): fanatici, Lampr. Elag. 7: praecisi ac professi impudientiam, Sen. Prov. 5, 3.
        2. b. Broken off, steep, abrupt, precipitous (poet. and in post-Aug. prose): acuta silex praecisis undique saxis, Verg. A. 8, 233: iter, Sall. J. 92, 7: rupes, Quint. 12, 9, 2.
    2. B. Trop.
      1. 1. Shortened, short, brief (post-Aug.): praecisis conclusionibus obscuri, Quint. 10, 2, 17: comprehensio, id. 7, 3, 15.
      2. 2. Troublesome (postclass.): ut sub obtentu militiae praecisiorem se adversario faceret (al. pretiosiorem), Dig. 49, 16, 4.
        Hence, adv.: prae-cīsē.
      1. 1. In short, in few words, briefly, concisely (class.): praecise dicere (opp. plene et perfecte dicere), Cic. N. D. 2, 29, 73.
      2. 2. Positively, absolutely (class.): praecise negare alicui, Cic. Att. 8, 4, 2: non praecise, sed sub condicione, Dig. 36, 3, 1.

praecinctĭo, ōnis, f. [praecingo], lit.,

  1. I. a girding about, a girdle: zonae, Hilar. in Matt. 2, 2.
    Hence,
  2. II. Transf., the broad landing-place or lobby around the amphitheatre, or between each tier of seats, Vitr. 5, 3; 2, 8.

praecinctōrĭum, ĭi, n. [praecingo], a girdle, apron (eccl. Lat.): fecerunt praecinctoria de foliis fici, Aug. Genes. cont. Manich. 2, 2.

praecinctūra, ae, f. [praecingo], a girding, girdle, Macr. S. 2, 3; Vitr. 10, 21 Schneid. N. cr.

1. praecinctus, a, um, Part., from praecingo.

2. praecinctus, ūs, m. [praecingo], a girding.

  1. I. Lit. (ante-class.): castula est palliolum praecinctui, Varr. ap. Non. 548, 30.
  2. II. Transf., in gen., a dressing, dress (post-class.): in praecinctu ponens omnem decorem, Macr. S. 2, 9.

prae-cingo, nxi, nctum, 3, v. a., to gird about, to gird.

  1. I. Lit.: cincticulo praecinctus in sellā aput magistrum adsidere, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 26: det tunicam locuples: ego te praecingere possum, Mart. 14, 153, 1: ilia cultro, Grat. Cyn. 341.
    More freq. mid.: praecingi, to gird one’s self: cum strophio accurate praecingerere, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 538, 12: et latro et cautus praecingitur ense viator, Ov. Tr. 2, 271: praecincti recte pueri, properly girded, girded up, Hor. S. 2, 8, 70: ut male praecinctum puerum caverent, Suet. Caes. 45.
    Poet.: nox mediis signis praecincta volabit, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 258 Müll. (Ann. v. 416 Vahl.): iter … altius ac nos Praecinctis unum, to those more girded up, i. e. to more rapid travellers, Hor. S. 1, 5, 6.
  2. II. Transf., in gen., to surround, encircle with any thing (poet. and in post-Aug. prose): fontem vallo, Prop. 4 (5), 4, 7; so, litora muro, Sil. 3, 243.
    In pass.: Brundisium praecinctum pulcro portu, Enn. ap. Gell. 6, 6, 6 (Ann. v. 478 Vahl.): gemma per transversum lineā albā mediā praecingitur, Plin. 37, 9, 37, § 118; cf. id. 37, 7, 27, § 99: tellus praecincta circumfluo mari, id. 2, 66, 66, § 166: praecingitur gens mari, id. 5, 32, 40, § 143: parietes testaceo opere praecincti, covered, overlaid, Plin. Ep. 10, 48.

prae-cĭno, cĭnŭi (e. g. praecinuit, Plin. 2, 12, 9, § 54), centum, 3, v. n. and a. [cano].

  1. I. Neutr., to sing or play before (class.): et deorum pulvinaribus et epulis magistratuum fides praecinunt, Cic. Tusc. 4, 2, 4: praecinere sibi tibias jussit, Flor. 2, 2, 10: praecinente citharā, Gell. 1, 11, 6: tubā praecinente, sounding beforehand, Flor. 2, 16, 5.
    1. B. In partic., to utter an incantation: carmine cum magico praecinuisset anus, Tib. 1, 5, 12.
  2. II. Act., to sing to one: gemitum, a funeral song, Stat. S. 5, 3, 59.
    1. B. To foretell, predict: magnum aliquid deos populo Romano praemonstrare et praecinere, Cic. Har. Resp. 10, 20: lucos praecinuisse fugam, Tib. 2, 5, 74: lymphati futura praecinunt, Plin. 8, 46, 71, § 185: cursum sideris, foretell, id. 2, 12, 9, § 54: responsa, i. e. to give responses respecting the future, to utter predictions, id. 25, 9, 59, § 106.

praecĭpes, pis, v. praeceps init.

praecĭpĭens, entis, Part. and subst., v. praecipio.

prae-cĭpĭo, cēpi, ceptum, 3, v. a. [capio], to take or seize beforehand, to get or receive in advance (class., esp. in the trop. sense; syn.: anticipo, praeoccupo).

  1. I. Lit.
    1. A. In gen., Lucr. 6, 1050: nisi aquam praecepimus ante, id. 6, 804: a publicanis pecuniam insequentis anni mutuam praeceperat, Caes. B. C. 3, 31: aliquantum viae, to get the start somewhat, Liv. 36, 19: longius spatium fugā, id. 22, 41 fin.: iter, id. 3, 46: Piraeeum quinqueremibus, to preoccupy, id. 32, 16, 5: mons a Lusitanis praeceptus, Sall. Fragm. ap. Gell. 10, 26, 3: si lac praeceperit aestus, i. e. have previously dried up, Verg. E. 3, 98.
    2. B. In partic., in jurid. lang, to receive (esp. an inheritance or bequest) in advance, Plin. Ep. 5, 7, 4: si heres centum praecipere jussus sit, Dig. 30, 122; so ib. 36, 1, 63: quantitatem dotis, ib. 17, 2, 81: dotem, ib. 10, 2, 46: per praeceptionem hoc modo legamus: Lucius Titius hominem Stichum praecipito, Gai. Inst. 2, 216.
  2. II. Trop.
    1. A. In gen., to take or obtain in advance, to anticipate: aliquantum ad fugam temporis Syphax et Hasdrubal praeceperunt, gained some advantage in time, Liv. 30, 8 fin.: tempus, id. 1, 7: celeres neu praecipe Parcas, do not hasten in advance of, do not anticipate, Stat. Th. 8, 328; so, veneno fata praecepit, Flor. 3, 9, 4: praecipio gaudia suppliciorum vestrorum, I rejoice in advance, Anton. ap. Cic. Phil. 13, 20, 45; Hirt. B. G. 8, 51; cf. Liv. 45, 1, 1: jam animo victoriam praecipiebant, figured to themselves beforehand, Caes. B. C. 3, 87 fin.; Liv. 10, 26: spe jam praecipit hostem, Verg. A. 11, 491: praecipere cogitatione futura, to conjecture or imagine beforehand, Cic. Off. 1, 23, 81: omnia, Verg. A. 6, 105; cf.: haec usu ventura opinione praeceperat, had already suspected, Caes. B. G. 7, 9: sed alterum mihi est certius, nec praecipiam tamen, Cic. Att. 10, 1, 2.
    2. B. In partic., to give rules or precepts to any one, to advise, admonish, warn, inform, instruct, teach; to enjoin, direct, bid, order, etc. (syn.: mando, impero, doceo): vilici officia, quae dominus praecepit, Cato, R. R. 142: Philocomasio id praecipiendum est, ut sciat, Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 92: quoi numquam unam rem me licet semel praecipere, id. As. 2, 4, 15: quae ego tibi praecipio, ea facito, id. Trin. 2, 2, 17: docui, monui, bene praecepi semper quae potui omnia, Ter. Ad. 5, 9, 6: quicquid praecipies, esto brevis, Hor. A. P. 335: de eloquentiā, Cic. de Or. 2, 11, 48: de agriculturā, Plin. 18, 24, 56, § 201: alicui aliquid praecipere, Cic. Mur. 2, 4: glossemata nobis, Asin. Gall. ap. Suet. Gram. 22: numerumque modumque carinis Praecipiant, Verg. A. 11, 329: cantus lugubres, Hor. C. 1, 24, 2: artem nandi, Ov. Tr. 2, 486: humanitatem, Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 2, etc.: mitem animum et mores modicis erroribus aequos Praecipit, enjoins, recommends, Juv. 14, 16.
      With inf.: justitia praecipit, parcere omnibus, Cic. Rep. 3, 12, 21; so, paeoniam praecipiunt eruere noctu, Plin. 25, 4, 10, § 29: codicillos aperiri testator praecepit, Dig. 31, 1, 89.
      With ut: illud potius praecipiendum fuit, ut, etc., Cic. Lael. 16, 60: recte etiam praecipi potest in amicitiis, ne, etc., id. ib. 20, 75: consulentibus Pythia praecepit, ut, etc., Nep. Milt. 1, 3.
      With subj. alone: praecipit atque interdicit, omnes unum peterent Indutiomarum, Caes. B. G. 5, 58: his praecepit, omnes mortales pecuniā aggrediantur, Sall. J. 28, 1.
      With acc. and inf.: etiam scelere convictos nonnisi ad opus damnari praeceperat, Suet. Ner. 31: D. Claudius edicto praecepit, decreed, commanded, Dig. 48, 10, 15.
      As subst.: praecĭpĭens, entis, m., a teacher, Cic. Rep. 1, 46, 70: jam prope consummata fuerit praecipientis opera, Quint. 2, 6, 6: in numero praecipientium, id. 2, 3, 5.
      Hence, praeceptum, i, n. (acc. to II. B.), a maxim, rule, precept; an order, direction, command, bidding; an injunction, etc. (class.): quo praecepto ab iis diligentissime observato, Caes. B. G. 5, 35: sine praecepto ullius suā sponte struebatur acies, Liv. 9, 31: transvectae praecepto ducis alae, Tac. Agr. 37: hoc praeceptum patet latius, Cic. Tusc. 2, 24, 58; cf.: hoc praeceptum officii diligenter tenendum est, id. Off. 2, 14, 51.
      In plur.: tuis monitis praeceptisque, Cic. Fam. 5, 13, 3: in quam (partem) praecepta nobis danda sunt, id. Inv. 2, 17, 53; 2, 34, 105: abundare praeceptis philosophiae, id. Off. 1, 1, 1: dare praecepta dicendi, id. Brut. 76, 273; cf. studiosis dicendi praecepta tradere, id. Or. 41, 141: deūm praecepta secuti, orders, commands, Verg. G. 4, 448: sine vi non ulla dabit (Nereus) praecepta, id. ib. 4, 398.

praecĭpĭtanter, adv., v. praecipito fin.

praecĭpĭtantĭa, ae, f. [praecipito], a falling headlong, a rapid fall (post-class.), Gell. 6, 2, 11; 9, 1, 5.

praecĭpĭtātĭo, ōnis, f. [praecipito], a falling headlong, headlong hurry, inconsiderate haste (post-Aug.), Vitr. 5, 12; Sen. Ira, 1, 12, 6; App. de Mundo, p. 61, 20; Vulg. Psa. 51, 6.

praecĭpĭtātor, ōris, m. [praecipito], a destroyer, overthrower (late Lat.), Aug. c. Duas Epp. Pelag. 1, 4.

praecĭpĭtĭum, ĭi, n. [praecipito].

  1. I. Lit., a steep place, an abrupt descent, a precipice (post-Aug.): in praecipitium propellere, Suet. Aug. 79; Vulg. Judith, 7, 8.
    1. B. Trop.: aut per confragosa vexabitur aut per praecipitia labetur, Lact. 6, 17; cf. Cic. Rep. 2, 41, 68.
  2. II. Transf., a falling headlong, a falling down, a fall: dum aliorum praecipitium vident, Lact. 2, 3: (herba urceolaris) contra, lapsus et praecipitia singularis, Plin. 22, 17, 20, § 43.

praecĭpĭto, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. and n. [praeceps], to throw or cast down headlong, to precipitate (class.; syn.. deicio, deturbo, proruo).

  1. I. Act.
    1. A. Lit.: pilae in mare praecipitatae, Nep. Alcib. 6 fin.: truncas rupes in tecta domosque, Stat. Th. 10, 881: currum scopulis, hurl or dash against, Ov. M. 15, 518: pinus, Stat. Achill. 2, 546.
      Freq. with se or pass. in middle sense: se e Leucade, Cic. Tusc. 4, 18, 41: se a tecto, Sen. Ep. 4, 4: se de turri, Liv. 23, 37: sese in fossas, Caes. B. C. 3, 69: praecipitasse se quosdam constabat (sc. de muro), threw themselves from the wall, Liv. 23, 19, 6; Hor. S. 2, 3, 277: plerique semet ipsi praecipitaverunt, Liv. 21, 14, 1: se in Tiberim, id. 4, 12, 11; Caes. B. G. 4, 15; Curt. 4, 16, 16; 6, 6, 32; Auct. B. Alex. 18: ubi Nilus praecipitans se fragore auditum accolis aufert, Plin. 6, 29, 35, § 118: praecipitare volens etiam pulcherrima, to throw overboard, Juv. 12, 38.
      Mid.: cum alii super vallum praecipitarentur, threw themselves down, Sall. J. 58, 6; Ov. F. 4, 164; id. M. 7, 760; 11, 556: lux Praecipitatur aquis, sinks in the ocean, sets, id. ib. 4, 92; cf.: hac te praecipitato, run this way, for life! Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 36.
      Absol.: si quando iis (parvis) ludentes minamur, praecipitaturos alicunde, extimescunt, that we will throw them down from any place (= nos eos dejecturos), Cic. Fin. 5, 11, 31.
      1. 2. Transf., in gen., to bend a thing down: vitem, Cato, R. R. 32, 2: partem (vitis), Col. 4, 20, 4: palmitem, id. 5, 6, 33.
    2. B. Trop.
      1. 1. To throw, hurl, or cast down, to precipitate: praecipitari ex altissimo dignitatis gradu, Cic. Dom. 37, 98; cf.: in tanta mala praeeipitatus ex patrio regno, Sall. J. 14, 23.
        Esp. with reflex. pron.: semet ipse praecipitare, to hasten to ruin, destroy one’s self, Sall. J. 41, 9: se in exitium, Cels. 3, 21: se in insidias, Liv. 3, 18, 7 dub. (Madv. omits se): furor iraque mentem Praecipitant, carry away, urge onward, sway violently, Verg. A. 2, 317: spem festinando praecipitare, Ov. P. 3, 1, 140: in senectam praecipitare, to cause to grow old prematurely, Plin. 17, 12, 19, § 94: quosdam praecipitat subjecta potentia magnae Invidiae, Juv. 10, 56.
        In pass., Cic. Rep. 2, 23, 43: nox praecipitata, declining, i. e. drawing to a close, Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 47; cf.: aetas praecipitata (opp. adulescens), declining age, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 5.
      2. 2. To hasten, hurry a thing (mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose): quae Praecipitent obitum, hasten their setting, Cic. Arat. 349: vindemiam, Col. 3, 21, 10: consulta viri, Sil. 3, 166: ne praecipitetur editio, Quint. Ep. ad Tryph. 2: consilia raptim praecipitata, precipitate, Liv. 31, 32.
        Poet.: moras, i. e. exchange delay for haste, Verg. A. 8, 443; 12, 699: Tiphyn pelago parari praecipitat, Val. Fl. 2, 390: cursum, Juv. 15, 78.
      3. 3. With acc. and inf., to hasten, press, urge to do any thing (poet.): dare tempus Praecipitant curae, Verg. A. 11, 3: si praecipitant miserum cognoscere curae, Stat. Th. 1, 679.
  2. II. Neutr., to hasten or rush down, to throw one’s self down, rush headlong, sink rapidly, to fall (class., but only of involuntary falling; cf. I. A.).
    1. A. Lit.: praecipitare istuc quidem est, non descendere, Cic. N. D. 1, 32, 90: de montibus altis ad terram, Lucr. 4, 1021: ubi Nilus praecipitat ex altissimis montibus, Cic. Rep. 6, 18, 19; cf.: Fibrenus … statim praecipitat in Lirem, id. Leg. 2, 3, 6: and: in amni praecipitante, id. de Or. 3, 48, 186: nimbi In vada praecipitant, Verg. A. 9, 670; 11, 617: in fossam, Liv. 25, 11, 6; 7, 6, 9; 38, 2, 14; 39, 2, 3: in insidias, id. 2, 51; 5, 18; Plin. 11, 24, 28, § 82: non fugis hinc praeceps, dum praecipitare potestas? Verg. A. 4, 565: sol praecipitans, Cic. de Or. 3, 55, 209: jam nox caelo Praecipitat, is sinking, draws to a close, Verg. A. 2, 9: hiems jam praecipitaverat, had closed, come to an end, Caes. B. C. 3, 25.
    2. B. Trop.
      1. 1. To fall down, to fall, rush, or sink to ruin: qui in amorem Praecipitavit, pejus perit quam si saxo saliat, Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 31: praecipitantes impellere, certe est inhumanum, Cic. Rab. Post. 1, 2; so, praecipitantem impellamus, id. Clu. 26, 70: ubi non subest, quo praecipitet ac decidat, he may tumble down, id. Rep. 1, 45, 69: praecipitante re publicā, id. Sull. 1, 1; cf. id. ib. 31, 87; and: cum ad Cannas praecipitasset Romana res, Liv. 27, 40: ad exitium praecipitans, Cic. Att. 3, 15, 7.
      2. 2. To be too hasty: cum vitiosum sit adsentiri quicquam aut falsum aut incognitum, sustinenda est potius omnis adsensio, ne praecipitet, si temere processerit, Cic. Ac. 2, 21, 68.
        Hence, praecĭpĭ-tanter, adv., hastily, precipitately: agens mannos ad villam, Lucr. 3, 1063.

praecĭpŭē, adv., v. praecipuus fin.

praecĭpŭus, a, um, adj. [praecipio], that is taken before other things (cf. princeps): excipuum quod excipitur, ut praecipuum, quod ante capitur, Paul. ex Fest. p. 80 Müll.
Hence,

  1. I. Particular, peculiar, especial (class.; opp. communis), Cic. Sull. 3, 9; cf. id. ib. 4, 12; id. Fam. 4, 15, 2; cf. also id. Prov. Cons. 1, 2: non praecipuam, sed parem cum ceteris fortunae conditionem subire, id. Rep. 1, 4, 7.
    1. B. In partic., in jurid. lang., that is received beforehand (esp. as an inheritance), special: praecipua dos, Dig. 33, 4, 2 fin.: peculium, ib. 40, 5, 23; Ter. Ad. 2, 3, 5; Plaut. Rud. 1, 3, 6.
      Subst.: praecĭpŭum, ĭi, n., that which is received from an inheritance before the general distribution of the property: sestertium quingenties cum praecipuum inter legatarios habuisset, Suet. Galb. 5.
  2. II. Transf., like eximius, special, chief, principal, excellent, distinguished, extraordinary: hic homo’st hominum omnium praecipuos, Plaut. Trin. 5, 1, 1: opera praecipua, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 9, 2: jus, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 19, 58: quos praecipuo semper honore Caesar habuit, Caes. B. G. 5, 52: natura ingenerat praecipuum quendam amorem in eos, qui procreati sunt, Cic. Off. 1, 4, 12: Cicero praecipuus in eloquentiā vir, Quint. 6, 3, 3; cf.: praecipuus scientiā rei militaris, Tac. A. 12, 40: vir praecipuus corpore viribusque, Plin. 7, 48, 49, § 154: mox praecipuus cui secreta imperatorum inniterentur (the first), Tac. A. 3, 30.
    Absol.: ex quibus praecipuos attingemus, Quint. 8, 3, 89: ponendus inter praecipuos, id. 10, 1, 116.
    With gen.: philosophorum Platonem esse praecipuum, Quint. 10, 1, 81: praecipui amicorum, Tac. A. 15, 56 fin.: remedia calculo humano, Plin. 11, 49, 109, § 261: herba dentibus, id. 25, 13, 107, § 170; cf.: herba ad serpentium ictus, id. 8, 27, 41, § 97.
    Subst.: praecĭpŭum, i, n., excellence, superiority: homini praecipui a naturā nihil datum esse, Cic. Fin. 2, 33, 110.
    Plur.: praecĭpŭa, ōrum, n.
  1. I. In gen., matters of special importance: duo statim praecipua ex imperatoriā mente monstravit, Vop. Aur. 23, 1: principum diversam esse sortem, quibus praecipua rerum ad famam dirigenda, Tac. A. 4, 40.
  2. II. Points of superiority, of excellence: aurigarum equorumque praecipua vel delicta, Amm. 14, 6, 25.
  3. III. Esp., in the philos. lang. of the Stoics, principal or considerable things, things that come next to absolute good, the Gr. προηγμένα, Cic. Fin. 3, 16, 52 (v. the passage in connection).
    Hence, adv.: praecĭpŭē, chiefly, principally, eminently (class.; cf.: inprimis, maxime, potissimum, praesertim), Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 31: praecipue de consularibus disputare, Cic. Sull. 29, 82: praecipue florere, id. de Or. 1, 8, 30: semper Aeduorum civitati praecipue indulserat, Caes. B. G. 7, 40; id. B. C. 3, 68: rationem praestat praecipue analogia, Quint. 1, 6, 1: praecipue quidem apud Ciceronem, id. 1, 8, 11: fortasse ubique, in narratione tamen praecipue, id. 10, 1, 51: inferioribus praecipueque adulescentulis parcere decet, id. 11, 1, 68: praecipue sanus, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 108: quos praecipue fugiam, Juv. 3, 59: vivendum recte est cum propter plurima, tum his praecipue causis, id. 9, 119.
    1. B. Transf., = praesertim, especially, particularly (poet. and postAug.): sed perlectus liber utique ex integro resumendus, praecipueque oratio, Quint. 10, 1, 20: ostendunt admirabilem praecipue in aetate illā recti generis voluntatem, id. 10, 1, 89: pantheres, leones non attingunt perunctos eo, praecipue si et alium fuerit incoctum, Plin. 29, 4, 25, § 78; 29, 4, 34, § 107.
      So with cum: sedulitas stulte urget, Praecipue cum se numeris commendat, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 261; Quint. 9, 2, 85; Plin. Ep. 3, 10, 4.

praecīsē, adv., v. praecido, P. a. fin.

praecīsĭo, ōnis, f. [praecido].

  1. I. A cutting off (post-Aug.): genitalium, App. M. 1, p. 106, 12.
    1. B. Transf., concr., the piece cut off, a cut, cutting: tignorum, Vitr. 4, 2; absol., id. 5, 7.
  2. II. In rhetoric, a breaking off abruptly, = ἀποσιώπησις, Auct. Her. 4, 30, 41.
  3. III. An overreaching (late Lat.): finis praecisionis tuae, Vulg. Jer. 51, 13.

praecīsum, i, n., v. praecido, P. a.

praecīsūra, ae, f. [praecido], a cutting, cut, paring (post-class.): asparagorum, Apic. 4, 2: agrorum, Front. Colon. p. 102; 126; 140 Goes.

praecīsus, a, um, Part. and P. a., from praecido.

‡ praeclāmĭtātor, v. praecia.

prae-clāmo, āvi, 1, v. n., to call out beforehand (post-class.), Dig. 48, 8, 7 (al. proclamaverit): proclamat, praeclamat, Not. Tir. p. 93.

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