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nĕcessārĭus, a, um, adj. (comp. necessarior, Tert. Patient. 11; id. Test. Anim. 4 al.) [necesse], unavoidable, inevitable, indispensable, needful, requisite, necessary: necessarium ait esse Opilius Aurelius, in quo non sit cessandum, aut sine quo vivi non possit: aut sine quo non bene vivatur: aut quod non possit prohiberi, quin fiat, Paul. ex Fest. p. 162 Müll.

  1. I. Lit.: necessarius et fatalis, opp. voluntarius, Cic. Phil. 10, 9, 9; cf.: id quod imperatur necessarium; illud, quod permittitur, voluntarium est, id. Inv. 2, 49, 145: necessaria conclusio, id. Top. 16, 60: leges fatales et necessariae, id. Univ. 12: omnia quae sint ad vivendum necessaria, id. Off. 1, 4, 11: senatori necessarium est, nōsse rem publicam, id. Leg. 3, 18, 41.
    So without dat., = necesse est: ne tam necessarium quidem est male meritis quam optime referre quod debeas, id. post Red. ad Quir. 9, 22: castra ponere necessarium visum est, Liv. 21, 58, 6; Plin. Ep. 10, 37, 3; Gai. Inst. 3, 216: necessariā re coactus, by necessity, Caes. B. C. 1, 40: quod tam necessario tempore ab iis non sublevetur, time of need or necessity, id. B. G. 1, 16: cum longius necessario procederent, farther than was necessary, too far, id. ib. 7, 16: res magis necessariae, Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 145: res maxime necessaria, id. Fam. 2, 6, 2: necessarior medela, Tert. Patient. 11: necessarior sententia, id. Test. Anim. 4: necessariores operas, id. Cult. Tem. 1, 5; id. Res. Carn. 31: aliquid necessarius, id. Carn. Christ. 7 med.
    Subst.: nĕcessā-rĭa, ōrum, n., the necessaries of life: Persae armis positis ad necessaria ex proximo vico ferenda discurrunt, Curt. 5, 12, 6: plebes sic adcensa uti … sua necessaria post illius honorem ducerent, Sall. J. 73, 6; Front. Strat. 3, 14, 4.
    1. * B. In partic.: necessariae partes, the private parts, Gai. Inst. 3, § 193.
  2. II. Transf., connected with another by natural or moral ties (of blood, friendship, clientship), belonging, related, connected, bound.
          1. (α) Adj.: cum utrique sis maxime necessarius, Balb. et Opp. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 7, A: victoria hominis necessarii, of a friend, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2; so, homo, of a father-in-law, Nep. Dat. 6: ut a latronibus redimeret necessarias mulieri personas, Dig. 24, 3, 21: necessarius heres = suus heres, the natural heir, who was in the potestas of the deceased (opp. to heres extraneus), Gai. Inst. 2, 37; 3, 153; 156; Dig. 38, 16, 1.
          2. (β) Subst.: nĕ-cessārĭus, i, m., a relation, relative, kinsman, connection, friend, client, patron (cf. necessitudo, II.; syn.: familiaris, intimus): necessarii sunt, ut Gallus Aelius ait, qui aut cognati aut affines sunt, in quos necessaria officia conferuntur praeter ceteros, Paul. ex Fest. p. 162 Müll.; necessarius angustus, a very near relative, Fragm. Jur. Civ. p. 86 Mai.: L. Torquatus meus familiaris ac necessarius, Cic. Sull. 1, 2: in iis necessariis, qui tibi a patre relicti sunt, me tibi esse vel conjunctissimum, id. Fam. 13, 29, 1: nĕcessārĭa, ae, f., a female relative or friend: virgo Vestalis hujus propinqua et necessaria, id. Mur. 35, 73: Cerelliae, necessariae meae, rem commendavi tibi, id. Fam. 13, 72, 1.
            Hence, adv.
      1. 1. nĕcessārĭē (rare), unavoidably, necessarily: necessarie demonstrari, Cic. Inv. 1, 29, 44: comparato cibo, Val. Max. 7, 6, 3.
      2. 2. nĕcessārĭō (the most usual form): necessario reviviscere, Cic. Fam. 6, 10, 5: quibuscum vivo necessario, id. ib. 5, 21, 1: quod necessario rem Caesari enuntiārit, Caes. B. G. 1, 17: copias parat, Sall. J. 21, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 29; 5, 10, 80; Lact. 2, 12.

rārē, adv., v. rarus fin.

rārus, a, um, adj. [etym. dub.; cf. Sanscr. root rah-, to abandon], having wide interstices between its parts, of a loose texture, not thick or dense, thin (opp. densus; freq. and class.).

  1. I. Lit.: denseri poterunt ignes, rarique relinqui, Lucr. 1, 656; cf.: (terra) Rara sit an supra morem si densa requiras … Densa magis Cereri, rarissima quaeque Lyaeo, Verg. G. 2, 227 sq.; 1, 419: textura, Lucr. 4, 196; cf. retia, Verg. A. 4, 131; Hor. Epod. 2, 33: tunica, Ov. Am. 1, 5, 13; and: cribrum, id. M. 12, 437: rariores silvae, the thinner, clearer parts of the forest, Tac. Agr. 37: seges, Col. 2, 9, 6: corpus (opp. solidae res), Lucr. 1, 347; 2, 860; 6, 631 al.: aër, id. 2, 107; cf. in the comp., id. 6, 1024: manus, i.e. with the fingers spread apart, Quint. 11, 3, 103: raraque non fracto vestigia pulvere pendent, i.e. scarcely visible, Stat. Th. 6, 640.
  2. II. Transf.
    1. A. Of things which stand apart from each other, far apart, here and there, scattered, thin, scanty ( = disjectus; opp. densus, confertus): cum raris disjectisque ex aedificiis pabulum conquireretur, Hirt. B. G. 8, 10; cf.: vides habitari in terrā raris et angustis in locis, scattered, Cic. Rep. 6, 19, 20: apparent rari nantes, Verg. A. 1, 118: foramina, Lucr. 5, 457: bacae expanduntur rarae, Plin. 17, 10, 11, § 60: frutices in vertice, Ov. H. 10, 25: coma, id. Am. 1, 8, 111; cf. capillus. Suet. Calig. 50: racemi, Verg. E. 5, 7: umbra, id. ib. 7, 46: arbores, Nep. Milt. 5, 3: tela, Ov. M. 12, 600 et saep.
      Poet.: manat rara meas lacrima per genas, drop by drop, Hor. C. 4, 1, 34.
      1. 2. In partic., in military lang., far apart, here and there, scattered about, dispersed, straggling, single (opp. confertus). accedebat huc, ut numquam conferti, sed rari magnisque intervallis proeliarentur, Caes. B. G. 5, 16; cf.: rari in confertos illati, Liv. 23, 27: ipsi ex silvis rari propugnabant, Caes. B. G. 5, 9; 5, 17; 7, 45; 7, 80; id. B. C. 1, 27 fin.: Samnites raris ordinibus constiterant, Liv. 9, 27; Curt. 4, 14, 14: rara est acies, Verg. A. 9, 508: rarior acies, Tac. H. 3, 25; Front. Strat. 3, 10, 4: rarior acies, Curt. 4, 15, 20: ut ordines suos non magnopere servarent. rari dispersique pugnarent, Caes. B. C. 1, 44; cf. Tac. Agr. 37 fin.; Front. Strat. 1, 5, 23.
    2. B. Of any thing found in small numbers or which seldom takes place, few, rare (cf. paucus): in omni arte … ut in ipsă virtute, optimum quidque rarissimum, Cic. Fin. 2, 25, 81; cf.: rarum genus (amicorum) et quidem omnia praeclara rara, id. Lael. 21, 79: raris ac prope nullis portibus, Caes. B. G. 3, 12 fin.; cf.: etiamsi rarus ejus rei, nonnullus tamen usus, Quint. 8, 6, 30: rarus enim est animus ad ea defendenda, Sall. H. 3, 61, 7 Dietsch: Idem rarum est, non sine usu tamen, Quint. 5, 11, 42: rari domos, plurimi amicorum tecta … petivere, Tac. H. 1, 79 fin.: Oceanus raris ab orbe nostro navibus aditur, id. G. 2: aliquod solitarium aut rarum, Cic. Inv. 1, 44, 83: ut anteponantur rara vulgaribus, id. Top. 18, 69: litterae, Liv. 6, 1; cf. id. 7, 3: rara hostium apparebant arma, id. 2, 50: lites, Quint. 7, 1, 43: infelicitas, id. 11, 2, 49: quae (littera) est apud nos rarissima in clausulis, id. 12, 10, 31: quod est magis rarum, id. 9, 2, 73: ex maxime raro genere hominum, Cic. Lael. 17, 64; cf. Quint. 7, 3, 25: raris vocibus hisco, Verg. A. 3, 314: rara per ignotos errent animalia montes, id. E. 6, 40: audiet pugnas vitio parentum Rara juventus, Hor. C. 1, 2, 24.
      Rarum est, with ut: rarum est, ut, etc., Quint. 3, 10, 3; 6, 3, 38; 10, 7, 24: rarum dictu, esse aliquid, cui prosit neglegentia, Plin. 18, 16, 39, § 140.
        1. b. Mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose for the adv. raro, seldom, rarely: nec Iliacos coetus nisi rarus adibat, Ov. M. 11, 766; cf.: rarus, qui tam procul a portu recessisset, reperiebatur, Quint. 12, prooem. § 3; so, rarus fuit, qui, etc., id. 6, 2, 3: antiquis scriptoribus rarus obtrectator, Tac. A. 4, 33; Sall. H. Fragm. 3, 22, p. 233 Gerl.: Caesar rarus egressu, Tac. A. 15, 53; cf.: leones rari in potu, Plin. 8, 16, 18, § 46: (calculus) rarus inventu, id. 28, 15, 61, § 217; cf.: helxine rara visu est, id. 21, 16, 56, § 96: Homerus alias circa picturas pigmentaque rarus, i. e. rarely speaks of them, id. 33, 7, 38, § 115
      1. 2. Poet., in partic., uncommon of its kind, scarce, rare, extraordinary, remarkable: rara puella fuit, Prop. 1, 17, 16; so, Cynthia, id. 1, 8, 42: ministra deae, id. 4 (5), 11, 52; cf.: rara quidem facie, sed rarior arte canendi, Ov. M. 14, 337: facies, id. H. 17, 93 Ruhnk.: vestis, Cat. 69, 3: avis (sc. pavo), Hor. S. 2, 2, 26: fides, id. C. 1, 35, 21: artis opus rarae, Tib. 3, 4, 37: patulis rarissima ramis, Ov. M. 7, 622: rarissima turba, id. A. A. 2, 281: rarissimi ingenii homo, Sen. Contr. 28: conjux rarissima, Stat. S. 5, 1, 11.
        Hence, adv., usually raro (class.), but sometimes rare (ante-class. and postAug.), rarenter (ante- and post-class.), or rariter (late Lat.).
    1. A. Form rārō: raro nimium dabat quod biberem, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 20: potavi, edi, donavi, et enim id raro, id. Bacch. 4, 10, 6: si id, quod raro fit, fieri omnino negetur, Cic. Inv. 1, 43, 80: evenire insolenter et raro (opp. vulgo), id. ib. 1, 28, 43: vinum aegrotis prodest raro, nocet saepissime, id. N. D. 3, 27, 69; id. de Or. 3, 52, 101; cf. id. Or. 24, 80: sed tamen raro habet in oratione poeticum aliquod verbum dignitatem, id. de Or. 3, 38, 153: raro antecedentem scelestum Deseruit poena, Hor. C. 3, 2, 31: admodum raro, Cic. Fat. Fragm. ap. Macr. S. 2, 12; for which we find raro admodum, Quint. 11, 1, 14; Plin. 2, 50, 51, § 135: raro umquam, Quint. 4, 1, 4; 5, 7, 22; Plin. 22, 22, 46, § 93: ita raro, Cic. Rosc. Am. 13, 37: sic raro, Hor. S. 2, 3, 1: tam raro, Ov. M. 13, 117: quam raro, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 25: perquam raro, Plin. 37, 4, 15, § 55.
      Comp.: quod si rarius fiet, quam tu exspectabis, Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 1.
      Sup.: istud rarissime accidere, Col. 5, 5, 7: non affari nisi rarissime, Suet. Claud. 3.
    2. B. Form rārē (acc. to I.), far apart, thinly, sparsely, here and there: nisi rare conseritur, vanam et minutam spicam facit, Col. 2, 9, 5: tenui vimine rarius contextus saccus, id. 9, 15, 12.
      1. 2. (Acc. to II. B.) Of time, seldom, rarely: vero rare capitur (piscis), Plaut. Rud. 4, 3, 56.
    3. C. Form rārenter, seldom, rarely: dato rarenter bibere, Cato, R. R. 103; so, rarenter, Liv. And., Enn., Caecil., Nov., Trab., Pompon. ap. Non. 515, 23 sq.; 164, 25 sq.; App. Flor. 3, p. 357, 22.
    4. D. Form rārĭter (very rare): quidquid fit rariter, magis delectat, Schol. Juv. 11, 208.

sublīmis, e (collat. form sublīmus, a, um: ex sublimo vertice, Cic. poët. Tusc. 2, 7, 19; Enn. ap. Non. 169; Att. and Sall. ib. 489, 8 sq.; Lucr. 1, 340), adj. [etym. dub.; perh. sub-limen, up to the lintel; cf. sublimen] (sublimem est in altitudinem elatum, Fest. p. 306 Müll.), uplifted, high, lofty, exalted, elevated (mostly poet. and in postAug. prose; not in Cic. or Cæs.; syn.: editus, arduus, celsus, altus).

  1. I. Lit.
    1. A. In gen., high, lofty: hic vertex nobis semper sublimis, Verg. G. 1, 242; cf. Hor. C. 1, 1, 36: montis cacumen, Ov. M. 1, 666: tectum, id. ib. 14, 752: columna, id. ib. 2, 1: atrium, Hor. C. 3, 1, 46: arcus (Iridis), Plin. 2, 59, 60, § 151: portae, Verg. A. 12, 133: nemus, Luc. 3, 86 et saep.: os, directed upwards (opp. to pronus), Ov. M. 1, 85; cf. id. ib. 15, 673; Hor. A. P. 457: flagellum, uplifted, id. C. 3, 26, 11: armenta, Col. 3, 8: currus, Liv. 28, 9.
      Comp.: quanto sublimior Atlas Omnibus in Libyā sit montibus, Juv. 11, 24.
      Sup.: triumphans in illo sublimissimo curru, Tert. Apol. 33.
    2. B. Esp., borne aloft, uplifted, elevated, raised: rapite sublimem foras, Plaut. Mil. 5, 1: sublimem aliquem rapere (arripere, auferre, ferre), id. As. 5, 2, 18; id. Men. 5, 7, 3; 5, 7, 6; 5, 7, 13; 5, 8, 3; Ter. And. 5, 2, 20; id. Ad. 3, 2, 18; Verg. A. 5, 255; 11, 722 (in all these passages others read sublimen, q. v.); Ov. M 4, 363 al.: campi armis sublimibus ardent, borne aloft, lofty, Verg. A. 11, 602: sublimes in equis redeunt, id. ib. 7, 285: apparet liquido sublimis in aëre Nisus, id. G. 1, 404; cf.: ipsa (Venus) Paphum sublimis abit, on high through the air, id. A. 1, 415: sublimis abit, Liv. 1, 16; 1, 34: vehitur, Ov. M. 5, 648 al.
    3. C. On high, lofty, in a high position: tenuem texens sublimis aranea telum, Cat. 68, 49: juvenem sublimem stramine ponunt, Verg. A. 11, 67: sedens solio sublimis avito, Ov. M. 6, 650: Tyrio jaceat sublimis in ostro, id. H. 12, 179.
    4. D. Subst.: sublīme, is, n., height; sometimes to be rendered the air: piro per lusum in sublime jactato, Suet. Claud. 27; so, in sublime, Auct. B. Afr. 84, 1; Plin. 10, 38, 54, § 112; 31, 6, 31, § 57: per sublime volantes grues, id. 18, 35, 87, § 362: in sublimi posita facies Dianae, id. 36, 5, 4, § 13: ex sublimi devoluti, id. 27, 12, 105, § 129.
      Plur.: antiquique memor metuit sublimia casus, Ov. M. 8, 259: per maria ac terras sublimaque caeli, Lucr. 1, 340.
  2. II. Trop., lofty, exalted, eminent, distinguished.
    1. A. In gen.: antiqui reges ac sublimes viri, Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 9; cf. Luc. 10, 378: mens, Ov. P. 3, 3, 103: pectora, id. F. 1, 301: nomen, id. Tr. 4, 10, 121: sublimis, cupidusque et amata relinquere pernix, aspiring, Hor. A. P. 165; cf.: nil parvum sapias et adhuc sublimia cures, id. Ep. 1, 12, 15.
      Comp.: quā claritate nihil in rebus humanis sublimius duco, Plin. 22, 5, 5, § 10; Juv. 8, 232.
      Sup.: sancimus supponi duos sublimissimos judices, Cod. Just. 7, 62, 39.
    2. B. In partic., of language, lofty, elevated, sublime (freq. in Quint.): sublimia carmina, Juv. 7, 28: verbum, Quint. 8, 3, 18: clara et sublimia verba, id. ib.: oratio, id. 8, 3, 74: genus dicendi, id. 11, 1, 3: actio (opp. causae summissae), id. 11, 3, 153: si quis sublimia humilibus misceat, id. 8, 3, 60 et saep.
      Transf., of orators, poets, etc.: natura sublimis et acer, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 165: sublimis et gravis et grandiloquus (Aeschylus), Quint. 10, 1, 66: Trachalus plerumque sublimis, id. 10, 1, 119.
      Comp.: sublimior gravitas Sophoclis, Quint. 10, 1, 68: sublimius aliquid, id. 8, 3, 14: jam sublimius illud pro Archiā, Saxa atque solitudines voci respondent, id. 8, 3, 75.
      Hence, advv.
      1. 1. Lit., aloft, loftily, on high.
          1. (α) Form sub-līmĭter (rare): stare, upright, Cato, R. R. 70, 2; so id. ib. 71: volitare, Col. 8, 11, 1: munitur locus, id. 8, 15, 1.
          2. (β) Form sub-līme (class.): Theodori nihil interest, humine an sublime putescat, Cic. Tusc. 1, 43, 102; cf.: scuta, quae fuerant sublime fixa, sunt humi inventa, id. Div. 2, 31, 67: volare, Lucr. 2, 206; 6, 97: ferri, Cic. Tusc. 1, 17, 40; id. N. D. 2, 39, 101; 2, 56, 141 Orell. N. cr.: elati, Liv. 21, 30: expulsa, Verg. G. 1, 320 et saep.
        1. b. Comp.: sublimius altum Attollit caput, Ov. Hal. 69.
      2. 2. Trop., of speech, in a lofty manner, loftily (very rare): alia sublimius, alia gravius esse dicenda, Quint. 9, 4, 130.