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impĕrātor (inp-), ōris (archaic form induperator, Enn. Ann. v. 86; 332; 350; 552 Vahl.; Lucr. 4, 967; 5, 1227; cf. 1. init.; but in Enn. also imperator, Trag. v. 34 Vahl.), m. [impero].

  1. I. Orig., milit. t. t., a commander-in-chief, general, = στρατηγός (cf.: dux, ductor).
    1. A. In gen.: si forte quaereretur, quae esset ars imperatoris, constituendum putarem principio, quis esset imperator: qui cum esset constitutus administrator quidam belli gerendi, tum adjungeremus de exercitu, de castris, etc. … de reliquis rebus, quae essent propriae belli administrandi: quarum qui essent animo et scientia compotes, eos esse imperatores dicerem, utererque exemplis Africanorum et Maximorum; Epaminondam atque Hannibalem atque ejus generis homines nominarem, Cic. de Or. 1, 48, 210: aliae sunt legati partes, aliae imperatoris: alter omnia agere ad praescriptum, alter libere ad summam rerum consulere debet, Caes. B. C. 3, 51, 4: sapiens et callidus imperator, Cic. Inv. 1, 34, 58: bonus ac fortis, id. de Or. 2, 44, 187; cf.: egregie fortis et bonus, id. ib. 2, 66, 268: eosdem labores non aeque esse graves imperatori et militi, id. Tusc. 2, 26, 62: ego sic existimo in summo imperatore quatuor has res inesse oportere, scientiam rei militaris, virtutem, auctoritatem, felicitatem, etc., id. de Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: unum ad id bellum imperatorem deposci, id. ib. 2, 5: nomen invicti imperatoris, id. Verr. 2, 4, 38, § 82: Themistocles … imperator bello Persico, id. Lael. 12, 42: cum pro se quisque in conspectu imperatoris … operam navare cuperet, Caes. B. G. 2, 25 fin.: insece, Musa, manu Romanorum induperator Quod quisque in bello gessit cum rege Philippo, Enn. ap. Gell. 18, 9, 3 (Ann. v. 332 Vahl.): induperatores pugnare ac proelia obire, Lucr. 4, 967.
      As a title, placed after the name: M. Cicero S. D. C. Antonio M. F. Imp., Cic. Fam. 5, 5 inscr.: Cn. Pompeio Cn. F. Magno Imperatori, id. ib. 5, 7 inscr.: Vatinio Imp. S., id. ib. 5, 11 et saep.
    2. B. In partic., pregn., in the times of the republic, a title of honor conferred on a general after any important victory: his rebus gestis Curio se in castra ad Bagradam recepit, atque universi exercitus conclamatione Imperator appellatur, Caes. B. C. 2, 26, 1; cf.: Pompeius eo proelio Imperator est appellatus, id. ib. 3, 71, 3; Cic. Phil. 14, 4, 11; 14, 5, 12; Caes. B. C. 3, 31, 1; Liv. 27, 19, 4; Inscr. Orell. 542; 3417 sq. (cf. also Plin. Pan. 12, 1).
  2. II. Transf. beyond the milit. sphere.
    1. A. In gen., a commander, leader, chief, director, ruler, master: (Romani) immutato more annua imperia, binos imperatores sibi fecere, i. e. consuls, Sall. C. 6, 7: (vis venti) Induperatorem classis super aequora verrit, admiral, Lucr. 5, 1227: imperator histricus, director, manager, Plaut. Poen. prol. 4: di te servassint semper … salus interioris hominis amorisque inperator, id. As. 3, 3, 66: familiae, id. Capt. 2, 2, 57: nolo eundem populum imperatorem et portitorem esse terrarum, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 24, 22 (Rep. 4, 7 Mos.): dux et imperator vitae mortalium animus est, Sall. J. 1, 3: vitae nostrae necisque, Plin. 29, 1, 5, § 11.
    2. B. In partic.
      1. 1. An epithet of Jupiter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 58, § 129: signum Jovis Imperatoris, Liv. 6, 29, 8.
      2. 2. The conqueror at a game of chess, Vop. Proc. 13, 2.
      3. 3. The title of the Roman emperors, placed either before or after the name (cf. I.); before it, Suet. Caes. 76; Claud. 12; 26: IMP. CAESARI DIVI IVLI F., Inscr. Orell. 596; so ib. 597; 600; 602; 604 sq.; after it, Suet. Oth. 2; Plin. 5, 2, 1, § 20; Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 9; 4, 17, 8; 4, 22, 4.
        Hence afterwards absol.: Imperator, a Roman emperor, Tac. A. 3, 74: velut praesagium insequentis casus, quo medius inter utriusque filios exstitit Imperator, Suet. Galb. 6; id. Claud. 13; 29; id. Galb. 3, 6, 20; id. Vit. 3 et saep.

impĕrātum (inp-), i, n., v. impero fin.

impĕro (inp-), āvi, ātum, 1 (archaic form, imperassit, Cic. Leg. 3, 3, 6, and induperantum = imperantium, Enn. Ann. v. 413 Vahl.), v. a. and n. [in-paro], to command, order, enjoin (cf.: jubeo, praecipio, mando).

  1. I. In gen., constr. with acc., an inf. or an object-clause, a relative-clause, with ut, ne, or the simple subj., with the simple dat. or absol.
          1. (α) With acc. (and dat. personæ): faciendum id nobis quod parentes imperant, Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 53: fac quod imperat, id. Poen. 5, 3, 29; Ter. Hec. 2, 2, 2: quae imperarentur, facere dixerunt, Caes. B. G. 2, 32, 3: numquid aliud imperas? Ter. Eun. 2, 1, 7; id. Heaut. 4, 3, 26: sto exspectans, si quid mihi imperent, id. Eun. 3, 5, 46: nonnumquam etiam puerum vocaret: credo, cui cenam imperaret, i. e. ordered to get him his supper, Cic. Rosc. Am. 21, 59: imperat ei nuptias, Quint. 7, 1, 14: vigilias, id. 11, 3, 26: certum modum, id. 11, 2, 27: moram et sollicitudinem initiis impero, id. 10, 3, 9: graves dominae cogitationum libidines infinita quaedam cogunt atque imperant, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 424, 30 (Rep. 6, 1 Mos.): utque Imperet hoc natura potens, Hor. S. 2, 1, 51.
            In pass.: arma imperata a populo Romano, Liv. 40, 34, 9: quod ipsum imperari optimum est, Quint. 2, 5, 6: imperata pensa, id. 3, 7, 6: exemplar imperatae schemae, Suet. Tib. 43.
          2. (β) With inf. or an object-clause (esp. freq. in the post-Aug. per.; in Cic. and Cæs. only with inf. pass. or dep.): animo nunc jam otioso esse impero, Ter. And. 5, 2, 1: imperavi egomet mihi omnia assentari, id. Eun. 2, 2, 21: jungere equos Titan velocibus imperat Horis, Ov. M. 2, 118; 3, 4: nec minus in certo dentes cadere imperat aetas Tempore, Lucr. 5, 672: has omnes actuarias imperat fieri, Caes. B. G. 5, 1, 3: pericula vilia habere, Sall. C. 16, 2: frumentum conportare, id. J. 48, 2; Hirt. B. G. 8, 27; Curt. 10, 1, 19; Tac. A. 2, 25: Liviam ad se deduci imperavit, Suet. Calig. 25; id. Aug. 27; id. Tib. 60.
            In pass.: in has lautumias, si qui publice custodiendi sunt, ex ceteris oppidis deduci imperantur, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 27, § 69.
            *With inf. act.: haec ego procurare et idoneus imperor, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 21.
          3. (γ) With a rel.-clause (very rare): imperabat coram, quid opus facto esset puerperae, Ter. And. 3, 2, 10: quin tu, quod faciam, impera, id. Phorm. 1, 4, 46; Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 3 and 6; id. Capt. 2, 3, 10.
          4. (δ) With ut, ne, or the simple subj.: ecce Apollo mihi ex oraculo imperat, Ut, etc., Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 87: his, uti conquirerent et reducerent, imperavit, Caes. B. G. 1, 28, 1: consulibus designatis imperavit senatus, ut, etc., Liv. 42, 28, 7: quibus negotium a senatu est imperatum, ut, etc., S. C. ap. Front. Aquaed. 104; Petr. 1: mihi, ne abscedam, imperat, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 30: Caesar suis imperavit, ne, etc., Caes. B. G. 1, 46, 2; 2, 32, 2; 3, 89, 4: letoque det imperat Argum, Ov. M. 1, 670; 13, 659.
            (ε) With simple dat.: si huic imperabo, probe tectum habebo, Plaut. Most. 4, 1, 14 (cf. above α): aliquid alicui, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 46; Cic. Rosc. Am. 21, 59.
            (ζ) Absol.: Pa. Jubesne? Ch. Jubeo, cogo atque impero, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 97: si quid opus est, impera, Plaut. Am. 3, 3, 1: impera, si quid vis, id. Aul. 2, 1, 23: omnia faciam: impera, Ter. Heaut. 5, 5, 11: quidvis oneris impone, impera, id. And. 5, 3, 26.
  2. II. In partic.
    1. A. In publicists’ lang., to order to be furnished or supplied, to give orders for, make a requisition for: cum frumentum sibi in cellam imperavisset (Verrem), Cic. Div. in Caecil. 10, 30: quem (numerum frumenti) ei civitati imperas emendum, id. Verr. 2, 3, 74, § 173: negas fratrem meum pecuniam ullam in remiges imperasse, id. Fl. 14, 33: pecuniam, id. ib. § 32; cf.: argenti pondo ducenta milia Jugurthae, Sall. J. 62, 5: arma, Caes. B. C. 1, 6 fin.: equites civitatibus, id. B. G. 6, 4 fin.; cf.: quam maximum militum numerum provinciae toti, id. ib. 1, 7, 2: obsides reliquis civitatibus, id. ib. 7, 64, 1; so, obsides Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 35; Suet. Caes. 25.
    2. B. In publicists’ and milit. lang., alicui or absol., to command, govern, rule over: his (magistratibus) praescribendus est imperandi modus … qui modeste paret, videtur, qui aliquando imperet, dignus esse, Cic. Leg. 3, 2, 5; cf.: sic noster populus in pace et domi imperat, id. Rep. 1, 40: nulla est tam stulta civitas, quae non injuste imperare malit, quam servire juste, id. ib. 3, 18; cf. also: cum is, qui imperat aliis, servit ipse nulli cupiditati, id. ib. 1, 34: omnibus gentibus ac nationibus terra marique imperare, id. de Imp. Pomp. 19, 56; cf.: jus esse belli, ut, qui vicissent, iis, quos vicissent, quemadmodum vellent imperarent, Caes. B. G. 1, 36, 1: Jugurtha omni Numidiae imperare parat, Sall. J. 13, 2: quot nationibus imperabat, Quint. 11, 2, 50: clarus Anchisae Venerisque sanguis Imperet, Hor. Carm. Sec. 51; cf. id. C. 3, 6, 5: recusabat imperare, i. e. to be emperor, Plin. Pan. 5, 5; cf.: ipsum quandoque imperaturum, Suet. Claud. 3; id. Galb. 4; id. Oth. 4; id. Vit. 14; id. Tit. 2 et saep.
      Hence,
        1. b. Ad imperandum, to receive orders or instructions: nunc ades ad imperandum, vel ad parendum potius: sic enim antiqui loquebantur, Cic. Fam. 9, 25, 2; cf.: cum ipse ad imperandum Tisidium vocaretur, Sall. J. 62, 8 Kritz.
      1. 2. Transf., beyond the publicist’s sphere, to command, master, govern, rule, control: liberis, Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 51: imperare sibi, maximum imperium est, Sen. Ep. 113 fin.: ut nobismet ipsis imperemus, Cic. Tusc. 2, 21, 47: cum homines cupiditatibus iis, quibus ceteri serviunt, imperabunt, id. Lael. 22, 82: accensae irae, Ov. M. 9, 28: dolori, Plin. Ep. 8, 19, 2: lacrimis, Sil. 2, 652: amori suo, Petr. 83: ingenio suo, Sen. Contr. 1 praef. med.; cf.: imperare animo nequivi, quin, priusquam perirem, cur periturus essem, scirem, Liv. 34, 31, 2: quibus egestas imperat, rules, governs, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 58, 132 (Trag. v. 357 Vahl.): imperat arvis, holds control over, i. e. forces to be productive, Verg. G. 1, 99; cf.: sola terrae seges imperatur, Tac. G. 26: fertilibus agris non est imperandum, Sen. Tranq. 15: sic imperant vitibus et eas multis palmitibus onerant, Col. 3, 3, 6: alius patrimonio suo plus imperavit quam ferre possit, Sen. Tranq. 4; cf. also trop.: tamquam nescias, cui imperem: Epicurum, id. Ep. 29 fin.: dum per continuos dies nimis imperat voci, rursus sanguinem reddidit, Plin. Ep. 5, 19, 6: imperat ergo viro (mulier), Juv. 6, 224.
        Absol.: animum rege, qui, nisi paret, Imperat, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 63: permittat, an vetet an imperet (lex), Quint. 7, 7, 7: (eloquentia) hic regnat, hic imperat, hic sola vincit, id. 7, 4, 24.
    3. C. In publicists’ lang., to order the citizens to assemble, to summon: dein consul eloquitur ad exercitum: Impero qua convenit ad comitia centuriata, Varr. L. L. 6, § 88 Müll.; Gell. 15, 27, 4; so comically, Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 52; cf. id. Cist. 1, 1, 60.
    4. D. In medic. lang., to order, prescribe: non idem imperassem omnibus per diversa aegrotantibus, Sen. de Ira, 1, 16; Plin. 24, 1, 1, § 5: si vires patiuntur, imperanda tridui abstinentia est, Cels. 7, 20.
    5. E. In gram.: imperandi declinatus, i. e. inflections of the imperative, Varr. L. L. 10, § 32 Müll.
      Hence, impĕ-rātum, i, n., that which is commanded, a command, order: jussus arma abicere, imperatum facit, executes the order, obeys, Caes. B. G. 5, 37, 1; freq. in plur.: imperata facere, id. ib. 2, 3, 3; 5, 20 fin.; 6, 10, 3; id. B. C. 1, 60, 1; 2, 12, 4; 3, 34, 2 al.; cf.: imperata detrectare, Suet. Caes. 54: Senones ad imperatum non venire, according to orders, as ordered, Caes. B. G. 6, 2, 3.