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† băbae or păpae, interj., = βαβαί or παπαί, an exclamation of wonder and joy, odds bodkins! wonderful! strange!

  1. I. Form babae: huic babae! basilice te intulisti et facete, Plaut. Pers. 5, 2, 25; so id. Ps. 1, 3, 131; id. Cas. 5, 2, 26; id. Ep. 1, 1, 52; v. under II.; Petr. 37, 9.
  2. II. Form papae: Ep. Cadum tibi veteris vini propino. St. Papae! Plaut. Stich. 3, 1, 24; 5, 7, 3; id. Rud. 5, 2, 33; id. Bacch. 2, 2, 29; id. Men. 5, 5, 20; Ter Eun. 2, 1, 23; 2, 2, 48; 3, 1, 26.

2. Bacis (Bacchis, Pacis), acc. Bacem, a sacred bull, worshipped at Hermonthis in Upper Egypt, Macr. S. 1, 21.

Făcĕlīnus (Phac-), a, um, or Făcĕ-lītis (Phac-), or Fascĕlis (Phasc-), ĭdis, f. [φάκελος, a bundle of fagots], of or belonging to the Taurian Diana: sedes Dianae, Sil. 14, 260 dub.; v. Gerlach ad Lucil. p. 11; cf. Serv. Verg. A. 116; Hyg. Fab. 261.

făla (phal-), ae, f. [falae dictae ab altitudine, a falando, quod apud Etruscos significat caelum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 88, 12 Müll.], a scaffolding of boards or planks, a scaffold.

  1. I. A structure used in sieges, from which missiles were thrown into a city: malos diffindunt, fiunt tabulata falaeque, Enn. ap. Non. 114, 7 (Ann. v. 389 ed. Vahl.).
    Prov.: subire sub falas, i. e. to run a great risk for a slight gain, Plaut. Most. 2, 1, 10.
  2. II. One of the seven wooden pillars in the spina of the Circus, Juv. 6, 590; cf. Anthon’s Dict. of Antiq. p. 254, a.

fălārĭca (phal-), ae, f. [fala],

  1. I. a sort of missile wrapped with tow and pitch, set on fire, and thrown by the catapult (cf. for syn.: tragula, sagitta, sparus, spicula, telum, missile, etc.), Liv. 21, 8, 10 sq.; Sil. 1, 351; 9, 239; Luc. 6, 198; Veg. Mil. 4, 18.
  2. II. Transf., a similar missile thrown by hand, Verg. A. 9, 705; Enn. ap. Non. 555, 15 (Ann. v. 534 ed. Vahl.); Liv. 34, 14, 11; Grat. Cyneg. 342.

Flūmentāna (porta), f. [flumen],

  1. I. a gate of Rome near the Tiber; River-gate, at the entrance to the Campus Martius: Flumentana porta Romae appellata, quod Tiberis partem ea fluxisse affirmant, Paul. ex Fest. p. 89 Müll.; Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 6; Liv. 35, 9, 3; 35, 21, 5; Inscr. Fratr. Arv. p. 254 ed. Marin.; cf. Becker’s Antiq. 1, p. 155 sq.
  2. II. Transf.: nescis cur, cum portam Flumentanam Caelius occuparit, ego Puteolos non meos faciam, i. e. a villa near the River-gate, Cic. Att. 7, 3, 9.

1. fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.

  1. I. In gen., an open space.
    1. A. The area before a tomb, fore-court: quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum, Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.
    2. B. The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.
    3. C. Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.
  2. II. In partic., a public place, market-place.
    1. A. A market, as a place for buying and selling: quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc. … Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc., Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.
      Esp.
          1. (α) forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.
          2. (β) forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill; here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coqui-num also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.
          3. (γ) fo-rum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.
          4. (δ) forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).
            Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place: L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit, Cic. Clu. 14, 40: oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum, Sall. J. 47, 1.
            Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.
    2. B. The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on: statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta, Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker’s Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451): in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant, Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14: in foro turbaque, Cic. Rep. 1, 17: arripere verba de foro, to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4: in vulgus et in foro dicere, id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24): cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset, id. Rep. 2, 37: in forum descendere, id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28): foro nimium distare Carinas, Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48: fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum, id. S. 1, 6, 114: forumque litibus orbum, id. C. 4, 2, 44: Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt, Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1: gladiatores ad forum producti, id. B. C. 1, 14, 4: ut primum forum attigerim, i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3: studia fori, Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.
      Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20: ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.: quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur, Quint. 10, 7, 20: nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit, Verg. G. 2, 502: forum agere, to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4: lenta fori pugnamus harena, Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.
      Poet. transf.: indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis, Verg. A. 5, 758: civitates, quae in id forum convenerant, to that court-district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38: extra suum forum vadimonium promittere, beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, § 38.
      Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro, is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10: in alieno foro litigare, i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef.
      Of the transaction of business in the forum: haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur, Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19: quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris, id. Fl. 29, 70: sublata erat de foro fides, id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.: nisi, etc. … nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus, i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27); called simply forum, Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so, quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas, Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and: erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro, Mart. 3, 38, 4: vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro, Juv. 6, 68.
    3. C. Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,
      1. 1. Forum Ăliēni, a town in Gallia Transpadana, now Ferrara, Tac. H. 3, 6.
      2. 2. Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.
      3. 3. Forum Aurēlium, a small city near Rome, on the Via Aurelia, now Montalto, Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 24.
      4. 4. Forum Cornē-lium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.
        Hence, Foro-corneliensis, e, adj.: ager, Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.
      5. 5. Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.
      6. 6. Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.
        Deriv.: Forojulien-sis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian: colonia, i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.
        In plur.: Forojulien-ses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.
      7. 7. Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36.

Graeci, ōrum, m., = Γραικοί,

  1. I. the Grecians, Greeks: contendunt Graecos, Graios memorare solent sos, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 301 Müll. (Ann. v. 358 Vahl.): eos septem, quos Graeci sapientes nominaverunt, Cic. Rep. 1, 7: apud Graecos, id. ib. 1, 3, 5; id. Fl. 27, 64: quia Graecorum sunt antiquissima quaeque Scripta vel optima, etc., Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 28.
    Sing.: Graecus, i, m., a Greek: processit ille, et Graecus apud Graecos non de culpa sua dixit, etc., Cic. Fl. 7, 17: ignobilis, Liv. 39, 8, 3: Graecus Graecaque, Plin. 28, 2, 3, § 12.
  2. II. Derivv.
    1. A. Grae-cus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Greeks, Greek, Grecian: plus te operae Graecis dedisse rebus video … deinde nullam Graecarum rerum significationem daret, Cic. de Or. 2, 36, 152 sq.; cf. litterae, id. Brut. 20, 78.
      In neutr. absol.: Graeca leguntur in omnibus fere gentibus, Cic. Arch. 10, 23: lingua (opp. Latina), id. Fin. 1, 3, 10: ludi, founded on Greek subjects, id. Fam. 7, 1, 3 (opp. Osci); id. Att. 16, 5, 1: homines, Grecian people, Greeks, id. Mil. 29, 80; id. Tusc. 2, 27, 65: testis, id. Fl. 5, 11: more bibere, i. e. to drink healths, id. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 66: Graeca fide mercari, i. e. without credit, with ready money, Plaut. As. 1, 3, 47: nux, i. e. an almond, Cloat. ap. Macr. S. 2, 44: pantherae, from Asiatic Greece, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5: rosa, a kind of rose, Plin. 21, 4, 10, § 18: ovis, perh. Tarentine, Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 27: via, perh. to Magna Graecia, Cic. Fam. 7, 1, 3.
      Prov.: ad Calendas Graecas, i. q. our next day after never (since the Greeks had no Calends), August. ap. Suet. Aug. 87.
      Hence, subst.: Graecum, i, n., the Greek language, Greek (rare): Graeco melius usuri, Quint. 5, 10, 1: librum e Graeco in Latinum convertere, Cic. Off. 2, 24, 87.
      Adv. in two forms,
      1. 1. Graece, in the Greek language, in Greek: cum ea, quae legeram Graece, Latine redderem, Cic. de Or. 1, 34, 155: Acilius qui Graece scripsit historiam, id. Off. 2, 32, 115: loqui, id. Tusc. 1, 8, 15: optime scire, id. de Or. 2, 66, 265; cf. nescire, id. Fl. 4, 10: licet legatum Graece scriptum non valeat, Ulp. Fragm. 25, 9: omnia Graece, Juv. 6, 188.
      2. 2. Graecātim, in the Greek manner: amiciri, Tert. Pall. 4.
    2. B. Graecĭa, ae, f., the country of the Greeks, Greece: ad Trojam cum misi ob defendendam Graeciam, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 13, 28 (Trag. v. 362 Vahl.): quod de Corintho dixi, id haud scio an liceat de cuncta Graecia verissime dicere, Cic. Rep. 2, 4, 8; id. Tusc. 2, 15, 36: Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 156: magna, Ov. H. 16, 340.
      In apposition: terra, Gell. 1, 1, 2; M. Aur. ap. Fronto Ep. 2, 9 Mai.
      1. 2. Transf.: Magna Graecia, Lower Italy, inhabited by Greeks, Plin. 3, 10, 15, § 95; 3, 5, 6, § 42; Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; 3, 34, 139; id. Lael. 4, 13; id. Tusc. 1, 16, 38; called also Mājor Graecia, Liv. 31, 7, 11; Sen. Cons. ad Helv. 6 med.; Sil. 11, 21; whereas by a Greek proper it is called Parva Graecia, Plaut. Truc. 2, 6, 55; and absol.: Graecia, Cic. Arch. 5, 10.
        Poet.: Major Graecia, in gen., for Italy: Itala nam tellus Graecia major erat, Ov. F. 4, 64.
    3. C. Grae-cānĭcus, a, um, adj., of Greek origin, in the Greek manner or fashion, Grecian, Greek (rare; not in Cic.): alia (verba) Graeca, alia Graecanica, i. e. words borrowed from the Greeks, Varr. L. L. 10, § 70 Müll.: torcula, Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 317: pavimentum, id. 36, 25, 63, § 188: color, id. 34, 9, 20, § 98: toga, i. e. pallium, Suet. Dom. 4: milites, living in the Greek manner, voluptuously, Vulc. Avid. Cass. 5.
      Hence, adv.: Graē-cānĭce, in Greek: dicere, Varr. L. L. 9, § 89 Müll.
    4. D. Graecŭlus, a, um, adj. dim., Grecian, Greek (mostly in a depreciating, contemptuous sense): ineptum sane negotium et Graeculum, thorough Greek, Cic. Tusc. 1, 35, 86: motus quidam temerarius Graeculae contionis, id. Fl. 10, 23: cautio chirographi, i. e. not to be relied upon, id. Fam. 7, 18, 1: homines, id. de Or. 1, 11, 47: ferrum, Flor. 2, 7, 9: civitas Massilia, id. 4, 2, 24 Duk.
      Subst.:
      1. 1. Graecŭlus, i, m.
          1. (α) A paltry Greek, Cic. de Or. 1, 22, 102; id. Pis. 29, 70.
            Prov.: Graeculus esuriens in caelum, jusseris, ibit, Juv. 3, 78.
            In the form Graecŭlĭo, Petr. 76 fin.
          2. (β) Post-Aug., without any odious accessory notion, for Graecus: vitis, Col. 3, 2, 24: mala, Plin. 15, 14, 15, § 50: rosa, id. 21, 4, 10, § 18.
      2. 2. Graecŭla, ae, f., a Greekling, a weak imitator of Greek women, Juv. 6, 186.
    5. E. Graecĭen-sis, e, adj., Grecian (post-Aug. and very rare): mare, Plin. 4, 21, 18, § 51: scimpodium, Gell. 19, 10, 1.
  3. F. Graecālis, e, adj., Grecian, Greek (late Lat.): lapides, inscribed with Greek letters, Front. de Col. p. 116 Goes.

jūris-prūdentĭa, ae (also separately and prūdentĭa jūris, Cic. de Or. 1, 60, 256; cf. Nep. Cim. 2, 1), f. [2. jus-prudentia], the science of law, jurisprudence (postclass.): jurisprudentia cst divinarum humanarumque rerum notitia, justi atque injusti scientia, Dig. 1, 1, 10, § 2; Just. Inst. 1, 1, 1.

multus (old form moltus), a, um; comp. plus; sup. plurimus (v. at the end of this art.), adj. [etym. dub.], much, great, many, of things corporeal and incorporeal.

  1. I. Posit.
    1. A. In gen.: multi mortales, Cato ap. Gell. 10, 3, 17: multi suam rem bene gessere: multi qui, etc., Enn. ap. Cic. Fam. 7, 6, 1 (Trag. v. 295 sq. Vahl.): multi fortissimi viri, Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 3: rationes, id. de Or. 1, 51, 222. tam multis verbis scribere, at such length, id. Fam. 3, 8, 1: beneficia. Cato ap. Fest. s. v. ratissima, p. 286 Müll.: multi alii, Ter. And. 5, 4, 28.
      When used with another adjective it is usually connected with it by a conjunction: multae et magnae contentiones, many great conlests, Cic. Phil. 2, 3, 7; 3, 10, 26: O multas et graves offensiones, id. Att. 11, 7, 3: multi et graves dolores, id. Verr. 2, 5, 45, § 119: multi et varii timores, Liv. 3, 16, 3: multae bonaeque artes animi, Sall. J. 28, 5: multa et clara facinora, Tac. A. 12, 31.
      But when the second adjective is used substantively the conjunction is omitted: multi improbi, Cic. Off. 2, 8, 28; 2, 19, 65: multi boni, docti, prudentes, id. Fl. 4, 8: multi nobiles, id. Planc. 20, 50: multa acerba habuit ille annus, id. Sest. 27, 58; 66, 139: multa infanda, Liv. 28, 12, 5: multa falsa, id. 35, 23, 2.
      Also, when the second adjective forms with its substantive a single conception: multa secunda proelia, victories, Liv. 9, 42, 5; 35, 1, 3; 41, 17, 1: multa libera capita, freemen, id. 42, 41, 11: multae liberae civitates, republics, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 30, § 68: multos fortes viros, id. Cat. 3, 2, 7; id. Mur. 8, 17: multi clari viri, noblemen, id. Leg. 1, 5, 17: multi primarii viri, id. Verr. 2, 2, 61, § 149.
      Similarly, et is omitted between multi and adjectives which form with their substantives familiar phrases: multi clarissimi viri, Cic. Phil. 11, 10, 24: multi amplissimi viri, id. Fin. 2, 17, 55; id. Deiot. 14, 39; id. Fam. 10, 25, 2; id. Att. 10, 8, 7; 16, 16, 11; id. Verr. 1, 7, 19: multi honestissimi homines, id. Fam. 15, 15, 3: multi peritissimi homines, id. Caecin. 24, 69: multi summi homines, id. Arch. 12, 30; id. Har. Resp. 26, 56: multi clarissimi et sapientissimi viri, id. Planc. 4, 11; id. Cael. 18, 43.
      Et is also omitted when the substantive stands between the two adjectives: in veteribus patronis multis, Cic. Div. in Caecil. 1, 2: multa praeterea bella gravia, id. Agr. 2, 33, 90: multis suppliciis justis, id. Cat. 1, 8, 20: multa majores nostri magna et gravia bella gesserunt, id. Imp. Pomp. 2, 6: plurima signa pulcherrima, id. Verr. 2, 1, 23, § 61.
      When both adjectives follow the substantive, et is sometimes inserted: virtutes animi multae et magnae, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 22, 64: causas ille multas et graves habuit, id. Clu. 30, 82; and is sometimes omitted, the emphasis then falling on the second adjective: utebatur hominibus improbis, multis, id. Cael. 5, 12: prodigia multa, foeda, Liv. 40, 29, 1.
      With a partitive gen.: multi hominum, Plin. 16, 25, 40, § 96: multae silvestrium arborum, id. 16, 31, 56, § 128.
      In neutr. plur.: multa, ōrum, many things, much: nimium multa, Cic. Fam. 4, 14, 3: nimis multa, id. Fin. 2, 18, 57: insulae non ita multae, not so many, not so very many, Plin. 5, 7, 7, § 41: parum multa scire, too few, Auct. Her. 1, 1, 1: bene multi, a good many, Asin. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 4: quam minime multa vestigia servitutis, as few as possible, Nep. Tim. 3, 3: minime multi remiges, exceedingly few, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 34, § 88: in multas pecunias alienissimorum hominum invasit, id. Phil. 2, 16, 41; id. Verr. 2, 5, 19, § 48: multae pecuniae variis ex causis a privatis detinentur, Plin. Ep. 10, 17, 3.
      Sometimes multi stands for multi alii, many others: nam certe Pompeio, et a Curionibus patre et filio, et a multis exprobratum est, Suet. Caes. 50.
      The sing. also is used poet. for the plur., many a: aut trudit acres hinc et hinc multā cane Apros in obstantes plagas, with many dogs, Hor. Epod. 2, 31: multa prece prosequi, id. C. 4, 5, 33: multā victima, Verg. E. 1, 34: agna. Ov. F. 4, 772: avis, id. Am. 3, 5, 4: tabella, Tib. 1, 3, 28; so of persons: multus sua vulnera puppi Affixit moriens, many a one, for multi affixerunt, Luc. 3, 707.
      In sing., to denote quantity, much, great, abundant: multum aurum et argentum. Plaut. Rud. 5, 2, 8; 22: exstructa mensa multā carne rancidā, Cic. Pis. 27, 67: multo labore quaerere aliquid, with much labor, great exertion, Cic. Sull. 26, 73: cura, Sall. J. 7, 4: sol, much sun, Plin. 31, 7, 39, § 81: sermo, much conversalion, Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 20, 1: stilus tuus multi sudoris est. Cic. de Or. 1, 60, 257: multo cibo et potione completi, id. Tusc. 5, 35, 100: multo sanguine ea Poenis victoria stetit, Liv. 23, 30, 2: multum sanguinem haurire, Curt. 4, 14, 17; 8, 14, 32: multam harenam mare evomit, id. 4, 6, 8: arbor, id. 7, 4, 26: silva, id. 8, 10, 14: multae vestis injectu opprimi, Tac. A. 6, 50: multa et lauta supellex, Cic. Phil. 2, 27, 66: aurum, Sall. J. 13, 6; Tac. A. 6, 33; Liv. 26, 11, 9; Curt. 3, 3, 12: libertas, Hor. S. 1, 4, 5: multam salutem dicere alicui, to greet heartily, Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 194: cum auro et argento multo, Sall. J. 13, 6.
      Of time: Itaque multum diei processerat, a great part of the day, Sall. J. 51, 2: ad multum diem, till far in the day, Cic. Att. 13, 9, 1: multo adhuc die, when much of the day was still remaining, when it was still high day, Tac. H. 2, 44: multo denique die, when the day was far spent, Caes. B. G. 1, 22: multā nocte, late at night, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 9, 2: multo mane, very early, id. Att. 5, 4, 1: multa opinio, for multorum, the general opinion, Gell. 3, 16, 1: velut multā pace, as in a general peace, as if there were peace everywhere, Tac. H. 4, 35: multus homo, one who gives himself up to the lusts of many, Cat. 112, 1.—multi, ōrum, m., the many, the common mass, the multitude: probis probatus potius, quam multis forem, Att. ap. Non. 519, 9: video ego te, mulier, more multarum utier, id. ib.
      Esp.: unus e (or de) multis, one of the multitude, a man of no distinction: tenuis L. Virginius unusque e multis, Cic. Fin. 2, 20, 62: unus de multis esse, id. Off. 1, 30, 109: M. Calidius non fuit orator unus e multis; potius inter multos prope singularis fuit, id. Brut. 79, 274: numerarer in multis, among the herd of orators, id. ib. 97, 333: e multis una sit tibi, no better than others, Ov. R. Am. 682: multum est, it is of importance, Verg. G. 2, 272.
      In neutr. absol.: ne multa, or ne multis, not to be prolix, in short: ne multa: perquiritur a coactoribus, Cic. Clu. 64, 181: ne multis: Diogenes emitur, id. ib. 16, 47: quid multis moror? Ter. And. 1, 1, 87.
      Sometimes multa is used (particularly by the poets) adverbially, much, greatly, very: multa reluctari, Verg. G. 4, 301: gemens, id. ib. 3, 226; id. A. 5, 869: deos testatus, id. ib. 7, 593: invehi, Nep. Ep. 6, 1 (cf. nonnulla invehi, id. Tim. 5, 3): haud multa moratus, Verg. A. 3, 610.
      Rarely in multum: in multum velociores, by far, Plin. 10, 36, 52, § 108.
    2. B. In partic.
      1. 1. Too much, overmuch, excessive: supellex modica, non multa, Nep. Att. 13, 5.
      2. 2. In speech, much-speaking, diffuse, prolix: qui in aliquo genere aut inconcinnus aut multus est, Cic. de Or. 2, 4, 17: ne in re notā et pervulgatā multus et insolens sim, id. ib. 2, 87, 358: nolo in stellarum ratione multus vobis videri, id. N. D. 2, 46, 119.
      3. 3. Frequent, frequently present: in operibus, in agmine, atque ad vigilias multus adesse, Sall. J. 96, 3: multus in eo proelio Caesar fuit, was in many places, Flor. 4, 2, 50: hen hercle hominem multum et odiosum mihi! troublesome, tedious, Plaut. Men. 2, 2, 41: instare, Sall. J. 84, 1.
        Hence, adv., in two forms.
    1. A. multum, much, very much, greatly, very, often, frequently, far, etc. (class.): salve multum, gnate mi, Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 56: multum vale, farewell, id. Stich. 3, 2, 40: hominem ineptum multum et odiosum mihi, id. Men. 2, 2, 42: opinor, Cassium uti non ita multum sorore, not very much, Cic. Fam. 7, 23, 3: multum mecum municipales homines loquuntur, often, id. Att. 8, 13, 2: non multum ille quidem nec saepe dicebat, id. Brut. 34, 128: non multum confidere, not very much, not particularly, Caes. B. G. 3, 25: sunt in venationibus, often, frequently, id. ib. 4, 1: in eodem genere causarum multum erat T. Juventius, Cic. Brut. 48, 178: multum fuisse cum aliquo, to have had much intercourse with, id. Rep. 1, 10, 16: sum multum equidem cum Phaedro in Epicuri hortis, id. Fin. 5, 1, 3: gratiā valere, to be in great favor, Nep. Con. 2, 1: res multum et saepe quaesita, Cic. Leg. 3, 15, 33: longe omnes multumque superabit, id. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 115: multum et diu cogitans, id. Div. 2, 1, 1: diu multumque scriptitare, id. de Or. 1, 33, 152.
      With an adj.: multum loquaces, very talkative, Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 5: mepti labores, very, Plin. Ep. 1, 9.
      Poet. also with comp.: multum improbiores sunt quam a primo credidi, much, far, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 139: multum robustior illo, Juv. 19, 197: majora, Sil. 13, 708.
      So with infra, post: haud multum infra viam, Liv. 5, 37, 7; Plin. 98, 7, § 20: haud multum post mortem ejus, Tac. A. 5, 3: ut multum, at most, Mart. 10, 11, 6; Vop. Aur. 46.
    2. B. multō by much, much, a great deal, far, by far (class.).
      1. 1. With comparatives and verbs which imply comparison: multo tanto carior, Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 76: pauciores oratores, Cic. de Or. 1, 3, 11: facilius atque expeditius iter, Caes. B. G. 1, 6.
        With verbs: virtutem omnibus rebus multo anteponentes, Cic. Fin. 4, 18, 49: multo ceteros anteibant, Tac. H. 4, 13: multo praestat beneficii, quam maleficii immemorem esse, Sall. J. 31, 28.
        With malle: multo mavolo, Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 88; id. Ps. 2, 4, 38: meo judicio multo stare malo, quam, etc., Cic. Att. 12, 21, 1.
      2. 2. With sup. (rare but class.), by far, by much: quae tibi mulier videtur multo sapientissuma, Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 66; id. Am. 2, 2, 150: multo optimus hostis, by far, Lucil. ap. Non. 4, 413: simulacrum multo antiquissimum, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 49, § 109; 2, 4, 23, § 50; id. Cat. 4, 8, 17: maxima pars, id. Imp. Pomp. 18, 54; cf. Hor. S. 2, 3, 82: multo id bellum maximum fuit, Liv. 1, 11, 5: pars multo maxima, id. 30, 18, 14: multo molestissima, Cic. Div. in. Caecil. 11, 36: multo gratissima lux, Hor. S. 1, 5, 39: foedissimum, Quint. 9, 4, 72: optimum, id. ib. 26: pulcherrimum, id. 1, 2, 24: utilissima, id. 2, 10, 1: maxime, Auct. Her. 4, 44, 58: multo maxime miserabile, Sall. C. 36, 4: multo maxime ingenio validus, id. J. 6, 1.
      3. 3. With particles denoting a difference, far, greatly, very: multo aliter, Ter. And. prol. 4: multo aliter ac sperabat, far otherwise than, Nep. Ham. 2: quod non multo secus fieret, si, not far otherwise, not very different, Cic. Fam. 4, 9, 1: multo infra Cyrenaicum. Plin. 19, 3, 15, § 40.
      4. 4. In specifications of time, before ante and post, long, much: non multo ante urbem captam, Cic. Div. 1, 45, 101: non multo ante, not long before, Nep. Eum. 3, 3: multo ante, Cic. Fam. 4, 1, 1: non multo post, quam, etc., not long after, id. Att. 12, 49, 9: haud multo ante solis occasum, Liv. 5, 39, 2: multo ante noctem, id. 27, 42, 13.
      5. 5. Very rarely with the positive for multum: maligna multo, very, Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 83 Umpf.
      6. 6. Doubled, multo multoque, with comparatives: multo multoque longior, far, very much, Front. ad M. Caes. 2, 5: multo multoque operosius est, Val. Max. 4, 1, 2: multo multoque magis, Front. Laud. Negl. § 3.
  2. II. Comp.: plūs, plūris; in the plur., plūres, plūra (in sing. anciently written plous; three times in the S. C. de Bacch. Here perh. belongs, in the plur., pleores and pleoris, for plures, in the Song of the Arval Brothers.
    For the class. neuter of the plur., plura, the form pluria was used in ante-class. Latinity. Gellius cites M. Cato, Q. Claudius, Valerius Antias, L. Ælius, P. Nigidius, and M. Varro as authorities for this form, Gell. 5, 21, 6; yet Plautus and Terence have only plura; and the earlier reading pluria, in Lucr. 1, 877; 2, 1135; 4, 1085, is now supplanted by the critically certain plura and plurima.
    The gen. plur. plurium, however, has remained the predominant form, e. g. Quint. 7, 1, 1; 8, 4, 27; 9, 4, 66 et saep.) [from the root ple; Gr. πλέον, πίμπλημι; cf. plenus, plera, compleo, etc.; also locu-ples, plebes, populus, etc.], more.
    1. A. In the sing. (used both substantively and adverbially): LIBRAS FARRIS ENDO DIES DATO. SI VOLET PLVS DATO, Fragm. XII. Tab. in Gell. 20, 1, 45: SI PLVS MINVSVE SECVERVNT, SE FRAVDE ESTO, ib.; so (perh. in imitation of this legal phrase): ebeu, cur ego plus minusve feci quam aequom fuit! Plaut. Capt. 5, 3, 18; Ter. Phorm. 3, 3, 21: ne plus minusve loqueretur, Suet. Aug. 84; cf. Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 27; and in the signif. of circiter, about: septingenti sunt paulo plus aut minus anni … postquam, etc., Enn. ap. Varr. R. R. 3, 1, 2 (Ann. v. 493 Vahl.); so. non longius abesse plus minus octo milibus, Hirt. B. G. 8, 20, 1 Oud.; cf.: speranti plures … venerunt plusve minusve duae, Mart. 8, 71, 4: aut ne quid faciam plus, quod post me minus fecisse satius sit, too much … too little, Ter. Hec. 5, 1, 4: tantum et plus etiam ipse mihi deberet, Cic. Att. 7, 3, 7: vos et decem numero, et, quod plus est, Romani estis, and what is more, Liv. 9, 24, 8: verbane plus an sententia valere debeat, Cic. Top. 25, 96: cf.: apud me argumenta plus quam testes valent, id. Rep. 1, 38, 59: valet enim salus plus quam libido, id. ib. 1, 40, 63.
          1. (β) With a partitive gen.: vultis pecuniae plus habere, Cic. Inv. 1, 47, 88; cf.: nostri casus plus honoris habuerunt quam laboris, id. Rep. 1, 4, 7; so, plus virium, id. Leg. 1, 2, 6: plus hostium, Liv. 2, 42: plus dapis et rixae multo minus invidiaeque, Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 51: in hac causā eo plus auctoritatis habent, quia, etc., Cic. Rep. 3, 16, 26; cf.: plus ingenii, id. ib. 1, 14, 22: Albano non plus animi erat quam fidei, as little courage as fidelity, Liv. 1, 27, 5.
          2. (γ) With quam (some examples of which have already been given above): non plus quam semel, Cic. Off. 3, 15, 61: confiteor eos … plus quam sicarios esse, id. Phil. 2, 13, 31: ne plus reddat quam acceperit, id. Lael. 16, 58 et saep.: non plus quam in tres partis posse distribui putaverunt, into not more than, id. Inv. 1, 34, 57: plus quam decem dies abesse, id. Phil. 2, 13, 31: nulla (navis) plus quam triginta remis agatur, with more than, Liv. 38, 38, 8.
          3. (δ) Without quam: HOMINES PLOVS V. OINVORSEI VIREI ATQVE MVLIERES, S. C. de Bacch. 19 (Wordsw. Fragm. and Spec. p. 173): plus mille capti, Liv. 24, 44: plus milies audivi, Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 32: plus semel, Varr. ap. Plin. 14, 14, 17, § 96: plus quingentos colaphos infregit mihi, Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 46: ferre plus dimidiati mensis cibaria, Cic. Tusc. 2, 16, 37: non plus mille quingentos aeris, id. Rep. 2, 22, 40: paulo plus ducentos passus a castris, Liv. 31, 34: cum plus annum aeger fuisset, id. 40, 2: parte plus dimidiā rem auctam, id. 29, 25.
            (ε) With a compar. or adverbial abl., or with an abl. of measure: VIREI PLOVS DVOBVS, S. C. de Bacch. 20 (Wordsw. Fragm. and Spec. p. 173): de paupertate tacentes Plus poscente ferent, more than the importunate, Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 44: ex his alius alio plus habet virium, Cic. Leg. 1, 2, 6: cave putes hoc tempore plus me quemquam cruciari, Balb. ap. Cic. Att. 8, 15, A, 2: alterum certe non potest, ut plus una vera sit, Cic. N. D. 1, 2, 5; cf.: in columbā plures videri colores, nec esse plus uno, id. Ac. 2, 25, 79: HOC PLVS NE FACITO, more than this, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Cic. Leg. 2, 23, 59: annos sexaginta natus es Aut plus eo, or more than that, Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 11: plus aequo, Cic. Lael. 16, 58: plus paulo, Ter. Heaut. 2, 1, 8: paulo plus, Liv. 31, 34: multo plus, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8, A, 1: plus nimio, overmuch, Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 30: quam molestum est uno digito plus habere, too much by a finger, i. e. a finger too much, Cic. N. D. 1, 35, 99: uno plus Etruscorum cecidisse in acie, one man more, Liv. 2, 7, 2.
      1. 2. In the gen. pretii, pluris, of more value, of a higher price, for more, higher, dearer: ut plus reddant musti et olei, et pretii pluris, of greater value, Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 4: ager multo pluris est, is worth much more, Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33; cf.: quo pluris sint nostra oliveta, id. Rep. 3, 9, 16: pluris emere, dearer, id. Fam. 7, 2, 1; so, vendere, id. Off. 3, 12, 51; id. Verr. 2, 3, 19, § 48; Hor. S. 2, 3, 300: aedificare, Col. 1, 4, 7: pluris est oculatus testis quam auriti decem, of more value, Plaut. Truc. 2, 6, 8: mea mihi conscientia pluris est, quam omnium sermo, Cic. Att. 12, 28, 2: facio pluris omnium hominem neminem, id. ib. 8, 2, 4: facere aliquem pluris, make more of one, esteem him more highly, id. Fam. 3, 4, 2: pluris habere, id. Phil. 6, 4, 10: aestimare, id. Par. 6, 2, 48: ducere, id. Att. 7, 3, 5: putare, id. Off. 3, 4, 18 et saep.
      2. 3. Rarely, instead of the genitive, in the abl. pretii: plure vendunt, Lucil. ap. Charis. 2, p. 189 P.: plure altero tanto, quanto ejus fundus est, velim, Plaut. ib.: plure venit, Cic. ib.
      3. 4. Plus plusque, more and more: quem mehercule plus plusque in dies diligo. Cic. Att. 6, 2, 10.
      4. * 5. Like magis, with an adj.: plus formosus, for formosior, Nemes. Ecl. 4, 72.
    2. B. In the plur.
      1. 1. Comparatively, more in number: omnes qui aere alieno premantur, quos plures esse intellego quam putāram, Cic. Att. 7, 3, 5; id. Rep. 2, 22, 40: nemini ego plura acerba esse credo ex amore homini umquam oblata quam mihi, Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 1: ne plura insignia essent imperii in libero populo quam in regno fuissent, Cic. Rep. 2, 31, 55: multo plura, many more things, Quint. 3, 6, 28.
      2. 2. In gen., of a great number, many: qui plus fore dicant in pluribus consilii quam in uno. Cic. Rep. 1, 35, 55: cf.: quid quaeso interest inter unum et plures, si justitia est in pluribus? id. ib. 1, 39, 61; 1, 34, 52: non possunt unā in civitate multi rem ac fortunas amittere, ut non plures secum in eandem trahant calamitatem, id. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19: quod pluribus praesentibus eas res jactari nolebat, Caes. B. G. 1, 18: plura castella Pompeius tentaverat, id. B. C. 3, 52: summus dolor plures dies manere non potest, Cic. Fin. 2, 28, 93: pluribus diebus, Quint. prooem. § 7: illic plurium rerum est congeries, id. 8, 4, 27: quae consuetudo sit, pluribus verbis docere, Cic. Clu. 41, 115: eum pluribus verbis rogat, ut, etc., id. Verr. 2, 4, 28, § 64; without verba: quid ego plura dicam? id. de Or. 1, 5, 18: pluribus haec exsecutus sum, Phaedr. 3, 10, 59; also elliptically, quid plura? and, ne plura, like quid multa? and ne multa: hic sacra, hic genus, hic majorum multa vestigia. Quid plura? hanc vides villam, etc., what need of many words? in short, Cic. Leg. 2, 1, 3: sed—ne plura—dicendum enim aliquando est
        Pomponium Atticum sic amo, ut alterum fratrem, id. Fam. 13, 1, 5.
        1. b. Esp.: plures.
          1. (α) The mass, the multitude, opp. pauciores, = οἱ ὀλίγοι, Plaut. Trin. 1, 1, 13.
          2. (β) Euphemistically, acc. to the Gr. οἱ πλείονες, the dead: quin prius Me ad plures penetravi? Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 14.
          3. (γ) The greater number, the majority: plures nesciebant quā ex causā convenissent, Vulg. Act. 19, 32.
  3. III. Sup.: plūrĭmus (archaic form, plisima plurima, Paul. ex Fest. p. 204 and 205 Müll.: PLIOIRVME (I), Epit. of Scipio), a, um [from root ple; whence also plus, q. v., ploirumus for ploisumus; and thence the predominant form plurimus], most, very much, or many (as an adj. in good prose mostly in the plur., except the standing formula of greeting: salutem plurimam dicere alicui; v. infra): hujus sunt plurima simulacra, Caes. B. G. 6, 17: nos plurimis ignotissimi gentibus, Cic. Rep. 1, 17, 26: plurimae et maximae partes, id. ib. 1, 4, 8: plurimorum seculorum memoria, id. ib. 3, 9, 14: haec plurimis a me verbis dicta sunt, id. ib. 1, 7, 12 et saep.
    In sing.: me plurimā praedā onustum, Plaut. Rud. 4, 2, 4: sermo, Quint. 2, 2, 5: risus, id. 6, 3, 85: res, id. 6, 1, 51: exercitatio, id. 8 prooem. § 28: mons, very large, Verg. A. 1, 419: cervix, id. G. 3, 52: Aetna, Ov. Ib. 600.
    Of a greeting: impertit salutem plurimam, Lucil. ap. Non. 472. 16; and esp. freq.: salutem plurimam dicit (commonly abbrev. S. P. D.) at the beginning of letters; v. salus.
    Poet.: medio cum plurimus orbe Sol erat, very powerful, oppressive, Ov. M. 14, 53: plurima quā silva est. thickest, id. ib. 14, 361: coma plurima, very thick, id. ib. 13, 844: sed plurima nantis in ore Alcyone conjux, mostly, chiefly, id. ib. 11, 562.
    And collect.: plurimus in Junonis honorem Aptum dicet equis Argos, many a one, very many, Hor. C. 1, 7, 8; so, oleaster plurimus, Verg. G. 2, 183: quā plurima mittitur ales, Mart. 9, 56, 1: plurima lecta rosa est, Ov. F. 4, 441.
    In neutr. absol. (substant. or adverb.): ut haberet quam plurimum, as much as possible, Cic. Rab. Post. 14, 39: caput autem est, quam plurimum scribere, id. de Or. 1, 33, 150: ut in quoque oratore plurimum esset, id. Rep. 1, 27, 123.
    Adv.: plūrĭmum: et is valebat in suffragio plurimum, cujus plurimum intererat, esse in optimo statu civitatem, Cic. Rep. 2, 22, 40: auspiciis plurimum obsecutus est Romulus, id. ib. 2, 9, 16: si vero populus plurimum potest, id. ib. 3, 14, 23; cf.: qui apud me dignitate plurimum possunt, id. Rosc. Am. 1, 4: plurimum aliis praestare, id. Inv. 2, 1, 1: ut te plurimum diligam, id. Fam. 1, 7, 1; id. Tusc. 5, 27, 78: hoc ego utor uno omnium plurimum, id. Fam. 11, 16, 2: quantum (al. quanto) plurimum possunt, Quint. 11, 3, 120: plurimum quantum also signifies very much indeed, exceedingly (post-class.): plurimum quantum veritati nocuere, Min. Fel. Oct. 22: gratulor, id. ib. 40: (elleborum) ex aquā datur plurimum drachma, at the most, Plin. 25, 5, 22, § 54; 9, 36, 60, § 125; 30, 6, 16, § 48; so, cum plurimum, id. 2, 17, 15, § 78 (opp. to cum minimum); 18, 7, 10, § 60: nec tam numerosa differentia; tribus ut plurimum bonitatibus distat, for the most part, commonly, usually, = plerumque, Plin. 15, 3, 4, § 18.
          1. (β) In neutr. with a partit. gen.: sententiarum et gravitatis plurimum, Cic. Inv. 1, 18, 25: artis, Quint. 10, 5, 3: auctoritatis et ponderis, id. 9, 4, 91: ut laboris sic utilitatis etiam longe plurimum, id. 10, 3, 1: virtutum, id. 12, 1, 20 plurimum quantum favoris partibus dabat fratermtas ducum, Flor. 4, 2, 74.
          2. (γ) In the gen. pretii: plurimi: immo unice unum plurimi pendit, values very highly, esteems very much, Plaut. Bacch. 2, 2, 29: quem unum Alexander plurimi fecerat, Nep. Eum. 2, 2: ut quisque quod plurimi est possidet, Cic. Par. 6, 2, 48.

P, p, the fifteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, the character for which is derived from the ancient form of the Greek II (P or P), as is shown by inscriptions and coins, which exhibit the P in these forms.The P-sound, like the K- and T-sounds, was not aspirated in the ancient language; whence the spelling TRIVMPE for triumphe, in the Song of the Arval Brothers.As an initial, P combines, in pure Latin words, only with the consonants l and r; the combinations pn, ps, and pt belong to words borrowed from the Greek, with the sole exception of the pron. suffix pte.
Hence it often disappears before t; as TOLOMEA, Inscr. Fabr. 9, 438.
It has also been dropped before l in the words lanx, Gr. πλαξ; latus, Gr. πλατύς; later, Gr. πλίνθος, linter, Gr. πλυντήρ, and others (Corss. Ausspr. 1, 114).
As a medial, its combination with s and t was so acceptable to the Latins that ps and pt are often put for bs and bt; so, OPSIDESQVE and OPTENVI in the Epitaphs of the Scipios; and so, too, in later inscrr.: APSENS, APSENTI, SVPSIGNARE, etc., and in MSS.
A final p occurs only in the apocopated volup.For the very frequent interchange of p and b, see under B.
P is put for v in opilio for ovilio, from ovis.
An instance of its commutation with palatals appears in lupus and λύκος, and perhaps also spolium and σκῦλον, spuma and O.H.G. scum, Germ. Schaum, as, on the other hand, equus and ἵππος, palumba and columba, jecur and ἧπαρ; cf., also, the letter Q.
Its commutation with a lingual is shown in pavo and ταώς, and perh. also in hospes and hostis.
P is assimilated to a following f in officina for opificina, and is altogether elided by syncope in Oscus for Opscus.
It is euphonically inserted between ms and mt: sumpsi, sumptum, hiemps for hiems; cf.: exemplum, templum, and late Lat. dampnum.
It is suppressed in amnis for ap-nis from apa = aqua.As an abbreviation, P denotes most frequently the prænomen Publius, but also stands for parte, pater, pedes, pia, pondo, populus, posuerunt, publicus, etc. P. C. stands for patres conscripti, patronus civitatis or coloniae, ponendum curavit, potestate censoriā, etc. P. M. pontifex maximus, patronus municipii, posuit merito. P. P. pater patriae, praepositus, primi pilus, pro parte. P. R. populus Romanus. P. S. pecunia sua.

Pa pro parte (leg. patre) et po pro potissimum positum est in Saliari carmine, Fest. p. 205 Müll.

păbillus, i, m. dim. [pabo], a small wheelbarrow (late Lat.), Lampr. Elag. 29.

‡ păbo, ōnis, m., a one-wheeled vehicle, a wheelbarrow: pabo vehiculum unius rotae, Gloss. Isid.

pābŭlāris, e, adj. [pabulum], of or fit for fodder: vicia, Col. 2, 14, 1; Pall. 1, 6, 14; Plin. 18, 16, 41, § 142.

‡ pābŭlārĭus, a, um, adj. [pabulum], of or belonging to fodder or pasture: PABVLARIORVM COLLEGIVM, perh. the farmers of the public pastures, Inscr. Don. cl. 9, n. 3 and 20.

pābŭlātĭo, ōnis, f. [pabulor], pasture.

  1. I. Lit., Varr. R. R. 3, 16; Col. 7, 9 fin.
  2. II. Transf., in milit. language, a collecting of fodder, a foraging: omnes nostras pabulationes frumentationesque observabat, Caes. B. G. 7, 16; 1, 15: premi pabulatione, id. B. C. 1, 78: pabulatione intercludi, id. B. G. 7, 44; Hirt. B. G. 8, 7; 11.

pābŭlātor, ōris, m. [pabulor].

  1. I. A fodderer, a herdsman; only according to the gloss: pabulator pastor, qui bubus pabula praebet, Isid. Gloss.
  2. II. In milit. lang., a forager, Caes. B. C. 1, 55; id. B. G. 5, 17; Hirt. B. G. 8, 11; Liv. 27, 43; 29, 2.

pābŭlātōrĭus, a, um, adj. [pabulator], of or for fodder: corbis, Col. 6, 3, 5; 11, 2, 99.

pābŭlor, ātus, 1, v. dep. n. and a. [pabulum].

  1. I. Neutr.
    1. A. To eat fodder, to feed, graze (syn. pascor): capella placide et lente pabulatur, Col. 7, 6, 9; 8, 15, 6: pabulantia jumenta, Front. p. 2203 P.
    2. B. To seek fodder, seek for food; hence, in gen., to seek a subsistence; of fishermen: ad mare huc prodimus pabulatum, Plaut. Rud. 2, 1, 6.
      1. 2. In partic., in milit. lang., to forage: angustius pabulantur, Caes. B. C. 1, 29; 1, 40; Liv. 6, 30: cum Caesar pabulandi causā tres legiones misisset, Caes. B. G. 5, 17: pabulantes nostros profligant, Tac. A. 12, 38 fin.
  2. * II. Act., to nourish, manure: fimo pabulandae sunt oleae, Col. 5, 9, 13.

pābŭlōsus, a, um, adj. [pabulator], abounding in fodder (late Lat.): insula, Sol. 22, 2.

pābŭlum, i, n. [from the root pa, whence also pa-sco], food, nourishment.

  1. I. Lit.
    1. A. Of men (only poet.): dura mundi, Lucr. 5, 944: dira (of the human food of Polyphemus), Val. Fl. 4, 105; Stat. Th. 12, 566.
    2. B. Of animals, food, fodder (very freq. and class.): bubus pabulum parare, Cato, R. R. 54, 1: pabulo pecoris student (Numidae), Sall. J. 90, 1: secare pabulum, Caes. B. G. 7, 14: supportare, id. B. C. 3, 58: consumere, id. B. G. 7, 18: conquirere, Hirt. B. G. 8, 10: comparare, Nep. Eum. 8: hirundo Pabula parva legens, Verg. A. 12, 475: pabula decerpere, Ov. M. 13, 943: pabula carpsit ovis, id. F. 4, 750; id. P. 1, 2, 122: praebere feris, Lucr. 4, 685; 5, 991: pabula laeta, id. 2, 364; 875: luna feras ducit ad pabula, Petr. 100: viciam conserere in pabulum, Col. 11, 2, 71: cervi noctu procedunt ad pabula, Plin. 8, 32, 50, § 117: subus serpentes in pabulo sunt, id. 11, 53, 115, § 279: ager frugum pabulique laetus, i. e. food for men and beasts, Sall. H. 2, 91 Dietsch; id. J. 90, 1.
  2. II. Trop., food, nourishment, sustenance (class.): Acheruntis pabulum, food for Acheron (said of one who deserves to die), Plaut. Cas. 2, 1, 11: piscibus in alto credo praehibent pabulum, id. Rud. 2, 6, 29: amoris, Lucr. 4, 1063: est enim animorum ingeniorumque naturale quoddam quasi pabulum consideratio contemplatioque naturae, Cic. Ac. 2, 41, 127: studii atque doctrinae, id. Sen. 14, 49: dederatque gravi nova pabula morbo, Ov. M. 8, 876.
    Of manure: pabula fesso praebere novali, Col. 10, 84; 2, 5, 1.
    Of nourishment for the mind: quasi pabula quaedam animo ad sublimiora scandendi conquirens, Amm. 14, 5, 6.

pac-, v. pag-.

pācālis, e, adj. [pax], of or belonging to peace, peaceful (poet.): olea, Ov. M. 6, 101: laurus, peaceful, that betokens peace, id. ib. 15, 591: flammae, on the altar of the goddess of peace, id. F. 1, 719.

pācātē, adv., v. 2. paco, P. a. fin.

pācātĭo, ōnis, f. [2. paco], a peace-making, pacification, peace, Front. Strat. praef.

pācātor, ōris, m. [2. paco], a peace-maker, pacificator, subjugator (post-Aug.): gentium, Sen. Ben. 5, 15, 6: terrarum, id. ib. 1, 13, 3: orbis, id. Herc. Oet. 1990: terrae Iberae, Sil. 16, 246: Nemeae, id. 2, 483: Rheni, Claud. Laud. Stil. 3, 13: orbis, Num. ap. Eckh. D. N. 7, p. 190.

pācātōrĭus, a, um, adj. [pacator], peace-promoting, pacific (post-class.): judicium, Tert. adv. Marc. 4, 29.

Pācātŭla, ae, f. dim. [pacata], a female proper name, Hier. Ep. 128, n. 4.

pācātum, i, n., v. pacatus, under 2. paco.

pācātus, a, um, Part. and P. a., from 2. paco.

paccĭus, ii, m., a poet mentioned by Juvenal, 7, 12.

Pācensis, e, adj. [Pax Julia].

  1. I. Of or belonging to the city of Pax Julia (in Lusitania), the modern Beja; hence, Pā-censes, ĭum, m., the inhabitants of that city. Inscr. Grut. 199, 4.
  2. II. Pacensis colonia, the city of Forum Julii, the mod. Frejus, Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35.
  3. III. The colony of Deultum, in Thrace, the mod. Derkon, Num. ap. Mionnet. Descr. des Medaill. 1, p. 383.

Păchȳnum, i, n., and Păchȳnus (-os), i (Păchynus, Avien. Perieg. 645; Prisc. Perieg. 482), m. and f., = Πάχυνος, the south-eastern promontory of Sicily, looking towards Greece, now Capo Passaro: ipsius promuntorium Pelorus vocatur vergens in Italiam, Pachynum in Graeciam, Lilybaeum in Africam, Plin. 3, 8, 14, § 87: classis Pachynum appulsa, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 33, § 87; Liv. 25, 27: metas lustrare Pachyni, Verg. A. 3, 429; 7, 289: obversa Pachynos ad austros, Ov. M. 13, 725; voc. Pachyne, id. ib. 5, 351.

Pācĭda, v. Pagidas, II.

Pācĭdĭānus, i, m., a famous gladiator, whose combat with Æserninus, the Samnite, mentioned by Lucilius, became proverbial, Lucil. ap. Non. 393, 30; Cic. Opt. Gen. Or. 6, 17; id. Tusc. 4, 21, 48; id. Q. Fr. 3, 4, 2; Hor. S. 2, 7, 97 (al. Placidianus).

pācĭfer, fēra, fŏrum, adj. [pax-fero], peace-bringing, that makes or announces peace, peaceful, pacific (poet. and postclass.): sermo, Luc. 3, 305: oliva, Verg. A. 8, 116: laurus, Plin. 15, 30, 40, § 133; of the same: virga, Val. Fl. 4, 139.
A frequent epithet of the gods; of Mercury: Cyllenius, Ov. M. 14, 291; so Inscr. Orell. 1411; of Jupiter, Inscr. Gud. 7, 7; of Mars, Inscr. Orell. 1353; of Apollo, Inscr. Grut. 38, 7; of Hercules, ib. 49, 1; 1013, 4; of Minerva, Inscr. Rein. cl. 1, 228; of Genius (perh. of Mercury), Inscr. Orell. 1412: Christus, Tert. adv. Marc. 3, 21.

‡ pācĭfĕro, āre [pax-fero], to keep peace: pacifero, εἰρήνην ἄγω, Gloss. Gr. Lat.

pācĭfĭcātĭo, ōnis, f. [pacifico], a peacemaking, pacification (class.): spes pacificationis, Cic. Att. 7, 8, 4: opem et gratiam alicujus ad pacificationem quaerere, id. ib. 9, 11, 2; id. Fam. 10, 27, 2: ubi ista pacificatio perpetrari nequivit, Gell. 7, 3, 3.

pācĭfĭcātor, ōris, m. [pacifico], a peacemaker, pacificator (class.; cf. pacator): Allobrogum, Cic. Att. 1, 13, 2: Servius pacificator, id. ib. 15, 7, 1; Liv. 27, 30, 4; Quint. 11, 3, 119: Karthaginiensium, Just. 18, 2, 4.

* pācĭfĭcātōrĭus, a, um, adj. [pacificator], peace-making, pacificatory: legatio, Cic. Phil. 12, 1, 3.

pācĭfĭcē, adv., v. pacificus fin.

pācĭfĭco, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. (ante- and post-class.; also, pācĭfĭcor, ātus, v. dep.; v. in the foll., and cf. Prisc. p. 799 P.) [paxfacio], to make or conclude a peace (not in Cic. or Cæs.).

  1. I. Lit.: quo Metellus initio, Jugurthā pacificante, praesidium imposuerat, at the beginning of Jugurtha’s negotiations for peace, Sall. J. 66, 2: legati pacificatum venerunt, Liv. 5, 23; cf. id. 7, 40; Vulg. Col. 1, 20.
          1. (β) As a deponent: pacificari cum altero statuit, Just. 6, 1, 2: pacificatus cum Carthaginiensibus, id. 23, 1, 1: set satine tecum pacificatus sum, Antipho? have I quite made my peace with you? i. e. are you entirely reconciled? Plaut. Stich. 4, 1, 14.
  2. II. Transf., in gen., to pacify, appease (poet.): caelestes pacificasset, Cat. 68, 75: divos, Sil. 15, 423: mentem suam, to soothe, quiet, Sen. Agam. 224: aures Pieriis modis, Claud. in Ruf. 2, praef. 20.

pācĭfĭcus, a, um, adj. [pacificator], peacemaking, pacific, peaceable (class.): persona, * Cic. Att. 8, 12, 4: secures, the axes in the fasces of the lictors, Luc. 7, 63: Janus, Mart. 8, 66.
Plur. as subst.: beati pacifici, Vulg. Matt. 5, 9.
Esp.: victimae pacificae, peaceofferings, Vulg. Exod. 29, 28: hostiae, id. ib. 32, 6.
As subst.: pācĭfĭca, ōrum, n., peace-offerings: obtulit pacifica, Vulg. 2 Reg. 6, 17 et saep.
Hence, adv.: pācĭ-fĭcē, pacifically, peaceably (post-class.): consulere, Cypr. Ep. 41; Vulg. Gen. 26, 31.

‡ păcĭo, ōnis, f., a contract, covenant (ante-class. for pactio): pacionem antiqui dicebant, quam nunc pactionem dicimus: unde et pacisci adhuc et paco in usu remanet, Fest. p. 250 Müll. (perh. too, ap. Fest. s. v. nuptias, p. 170, instead of ratio we should read pacio, acc. to the conject. of Dac. on the preced. passage).

păcisco, ĕre, 3, v. n. and a. [collat. form of dep. paciscor, q. v.], to agree, contract, bargain, covenant (class. only in perf. part. pass.): id quoque paciscunt, Naev. ap. Non. 474, 17: paciscit, obsides ut reddant, id. ib. 18.
Hence, pactus, a, um, in pass. signif., agreed upon, settled, determined, covenanted, stipulated (class.).

  1. A. In gen.: pactum pretium, Cic. Off. 3, 29, 107: pacta praemia, id. Q. Fr. 3, 3, 2: dies, id. Cat. 1, 9, 24: merces, Hor. C. 3, 3, 22: foedus, Cic. Sest. 14, 33: cum hoste pactae induciae, id. Off. 1, 10, 33.
    In the abl. absol.: quidam pacto inter se ut victorem res sequeretur, ferro decreverunt, by agreement, Liv. 28, 21, 5; Sil. 14, 97.
  2. B. In partic., betrothed: haec tibi pacta’st Callicli filia, Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 59: cujus filio pacta est Artavasdis filia, Cic. Att. 5, 21, 2: alii pacta puella, Tac. A. 1, 55: Turnus, cui pacta Lavinia fuerat, Liv. 1, 2: conjux, Verg. A. 10, 722.
    Hence, as subst.
    1. 1. pacta, ae, f., a betrothed woman: gremiis abducere pactas, Verg. A. 10, 79: pacta ejus, Menelai filia, Vell. 1, 1, 3; Juv. 6, 200.
    2. 2. pactus, i, m., a betrothed husband, a man engaged or promised in marriage: proles Amissum didicere patrem, Marpissaque pactum, Stat. Th. 3, 172.
    3. 3. pactum, i, n., an agreement, covenant, contract, stipulation, compact, pact (cf.: conventio, pactio, obligatio): pactum est, quod inter aliquos convenit, Cic. Inv. 2, 22, 68; cf. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20: pacta et promissa semperne servanda sint, Cic. Off. 3, 24, 92: mansit in condicione atque pacto, id. Verr. 1, 6, 16: pacti et conventi formula, id. Caecin. 18, 51; cf.: ex pacto et convento, id. Att. 6, 3, 1: pacta conventaque, Sen. Ben. 3, 15, 1: stare pacto, Liv. 9, 11: pactum violans, Vulg. Mal. 2, 10 et saep.
      Hence (eccl. Lat.), the covenant of God: dereliquerunt pactum Domini, Vulg. Deut. 29, 25; id. 3 Reg. 11, 11; id. 2 Par. 6, 14.
      Poet.: sacrum, i. e. a marriagecontract, Val. Fl. 8, 401; cf. Juv. 6, 25.
        1. (β) Transf., in gen., abl. pacto (like ratione and modo), manner, way, means (class.): percontat Aeneas, quo pacto Troiam urbem liquerit, Naev. Bell. Pun. 2, 1: si non fecero ei male aliquo pacto, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 27; id. Am. prol. 137: nescio quo pacto semper hoc fit, how, Cic. Mur. 21, 43; id. Quint. 17: non tacebo umquam alio pacto, nisi, etc., Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 46: aliquo pacto verba his dabo, Ter. Heaut. 4, 4, 13: quoquo pacto tacito est opus, id. Ad. 3, 2, 44: si nullo alio pacto, id. Phorm. 2, 1, 71: alio pacto docere, Cic. Inv. 1, 21, 30: fieri nullo pacto potest, ut, etc., id. Fin. 1, 8, 27; Ter. And. 1, 5, 12: servi mei si me isto pacto metuerent, Cic. Cat. 1, 7, 17; Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 10; 1, 8, 13: hoc pacto, Verg. G. 2, 248.

păciscor, pactus, 3, v. dep. n. and a. (act. collat. form, v. supra) [1. paco], to make a bargain, contract, or agreement with any one; to covenant, agree, stipulate, bargain, contract respecting any thing (cf.: transigo, stipulor, pango).

  1. I. Lit.
    1. A. In gen.
          1. (α) Neutr.: pacisci cum illo paululā pecuniā potes, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 8, 24; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 14, § 36; Ov. M. 4, 702: paciscitur magnā mercede cum Celtiberorum principibus, ut, etc., Liv. 25, 33; cf.: pacti sunt inter se, ut die statutā, Just. 1, 10, 4; 16, 4, 7; 38, 3, 5; cf. esp. id. 3, 6, 10: votis pacisci, Ne Cypriae Tyriaeque merces Addant avaro divitias mari (= votis transigere cum dis), Hor. C. 3, 29, 59: de mercedibus, Suet. Gram. 7.
          2. (β) Act.: quae pacisci modo scis, set quod pacta’s, non scis solvere, Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 89: argentum, id. ib. arg. 1, 9: quam (provinciam) sibi pactus erat, Cic. Sest. 25, 55: rem, Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20: pecuniam cum aliquo, Auct. B. Alex. 55: omnibus proscriptis, reditum salutemque pactus est, Vell. 2, 77, 2: ab aliquo vitam, Sall. J. 26, 1; so, pactus in singulos (homines) minas decem a tyranno, Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 99: cum Xerxe nuptias filiae, Just. 2, 15, 14.
            With object-clause: Leucippo fieri pactus uterque gener, Ov. F. 5, 702: dimitti (eum) pactus, si, etc., Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 18.
            In part. fut. pass.: ut firma fierent paciscenda, Amm. 31, 12, 13.
    2. B. In partic., of a marriage-contract, to betroth a woman (syn.: despondeo, spondeo): ex quā pactus esset vir domo, in matrimonium duceret, Liv. 4, 4, 10: Etutam pacto fratri eum invidisse, id. 44, 30, 4.
  2. II. Trop., to barter, hazard, stake (poet.): vitam pro laude, Verg. A. 5, 230: letum pro laude, id. ib. 12, 49: aevum pro luce, Stat. Th. 1, 317.

‡ 1. păco, ĕre, prim. of paciscor and pango, to make or come to an agreement, to agree together respecting any thing: NI CVM EO PACIT TALIO ESTO, Lex XII. Tab.; cf. Dirks, Uebers. p. 516 sq.

2. pāco, ăvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [pax], to bring into a state of peace and quietness, to make peaceful, to quiet, pacify, subdue, soothe (class.; cf.: pacifico, placo).

  1. I. Lit.: pacare Amanum, Cic. Fam. 15, 4, 8: omnem Galliam, Caes. B. C. 1, 7: qui nuper pacati erant, id. B. G. 1, 16: civitates, id. ib. 7, 65: Hispanias, id. B. C. 1, 85: bimarem Isthmon, Ov. M. 7, 405: regiones, Hirt. B. Alex. 26: Asiam, Just. 38, 7, 2: Erymanthi nemora, Verg. A. 6, 803: MARE A PRAEDONIBVS, Monum. Ancyr. fin. ap. Grut. 233; Ov. F. 2, 18.
  2. II. Transf., of things as objects: incultae pacantur vomere silvae, are subdued, tilled, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 45: et pacare metu silvas, Manil. 4, 182: saltus remotos pacabat cornu, Stat. Th. 4, 250: incertos animi aestus, to quiet, Claud. IV. Cons. Honor. 225; cf. feras, to tame, Aus. Epigr. 1, 19: dolorem, id. Idyll. 6, 100.
    Hence, pācā-tus, a, um, P. a., pacified, quieted, peaceful, quiet, calm, tranquil, undisturbed (opp. hostilis; class.).
    1. A. Lit.: pacatae tranquillaeque civitates, Cic. de Or. 1, 8, 30: in provinciā pacatissimā, id. Lig. 2, 4: pacatissima et quietissima pars, Caes. B. G. 5, 24: nec hospitale quicquam pacatumve, Liv. 21, 20: pacato agmine transire, id. 40, 47: pacati status aëris, Lucr. 3, 292: pacata posse omnia mente tueri, Lucr. 5, 1203: mare, Hor. C. 4, 5, 19: vultus, Ov. F. 1, 3: pacatus mitisque adsis, id. M. 431: coloni, Manil. 4, 141.
      As subst.: pācātum, i, n., a friendly country: vagi milites in pacato, Liv. 8, 34: ex pacatis praedas agere, i. e. from countries at peace with Rome, Sall. J. 32, 3: qui medius inter pacata et hostilia fuit, Danubius et Rhenus, Sen. Q. N. 6, 7, 1.
    2. B. Trop.: oratio pacatior, Cic. Brut. 31, 121: cujus ne pacatam quidem nequitiam quisquam ferre posset, id. Phil. 5, 9, 24.
      And in the neutr. as subst.: nec diu in pacato mansit gens, on friendly terms, Liv. 23, 27, 9.
      Hence, adv.: pācātē, peaceably, quietly (post-Aug.).
      Comp.: pacatius ad reliqua secessimus, Petr. 10; Aug. Ep. 111.
      Sup.: pacatissime et commodissime, Aug. Soliloq. 2, 7.

Pacōnĭus, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. So M. Paconius, Cic. Mil. 27, 74; another M. Paconius, Suet. Tib. 61; Tac. A. 3, 66.

Păcŏrus, i, m.

  1. I. A son of Orodes, king of Parthia, the conqueror of Crassus; he was afterwards conquered by Ventidius Bassus, the legate of Antony, Cic. Att. 5, 18, 1; id. Fam. 15, 1, 2; Just. 42, 4, 6; 16.
  2. II. Pacorus II., a king of the Parthians in the time of Domitian, Plin. Ep. 10, 16, 2; Mart. 9, 36, 3.
  3. III. A Roman surname, Inscr. Grut. 39, 4; 102, 1.

pacta, ae, f., v. pactus, under pacisco fin. 1.

* pactīcĭus or -tĭus, a, um, adj. [paciscor], agreed upon, stipulated, Gell. 1, 25, 8.

* pactĭlis, e, adj. [pango], plaited together, wreathed: corona, Plin. 21, 3, 8, § 11 (opp. sutilis).

pactĭo, ōnis, f. [paciscor].

  1. I. In gen., an agreeing, covenanting; an agreement, covenant, contract, bargain, pact (syn. pactum): est autem pactio duorum plurinmve in idem placitum et consensum, Dig. 2, 14, 1: in pactionibus faciendis legem spectare, Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 12: pactionem facere de aliquā re, id. Rosc. Com. 12, 34, and 14, 40: nefarias cum multis pactiones conflare, id. Har. Resp. 20, 42: pactionem cum aliquo facere, ut, etc., id. Att. 4, 18, 2: condiciones pactionesque bellicas perturbare perjurio, id. Off. 3, 29, 108; id. Caecin. 18, 51: arma per pactionem tradere, Liv. 9, 11: summā fide in pactione manere, Nep. Ag. 2, 4: talibus pactionibus pacem facere, conditions, id. Dion. 5: interpositā pactione, Just. 7, 6, 4; 22, 2, 3: pactionem de republicā facere, id. 35, 1, 4: collegam suum Antonium pactione provinciae perpulerat, ne, etc., by making over to him his province according to agreement, Sall. C. 26, 4: pactionem nuptialem facere, Liv. 4, 4: praemiorum, a promise, Cic. post Red. in Sen. 13, 31.
  2. II. In partic.
    1. A. An agreement, compact, between the farmers general and the inhabitants of a province: pactiones cum aliquo conficere, Cic. Fam. 13, 65, 1; id. Att. 5, 13, 1.
    2. B. A corrupt bargaining, an underhand agreement or compact: nonnullos pactionis suspicionem non vitasse, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 7, § 17: Aulum spe pactionis perpulit, uti, etc., Sall. J. 38, 2; cf. id. C. 26, 4.
    3. C. A truce: aut pax aut pactio, Flor. 4, 12, 24.
    4. D. Pactio verborum, a form of words: ex pactione verborum, quibus jusjurandum comprehenditur, on account of the form of oath, Cic. Rosc. Com. 16, 46; cf.: deos cum pactionibus adorare et formulis, Arn. 7 med.
    5. E. A marriage-contract: hic eam rem volt, scio, mecum adire ad pactionem (= mecum pacisci), Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 25.

pactītĭus, a, um, v. pacticius.

‡ pactĭuncŭla, ae, f. dim. [pactio], an agreement: pactio, pactiuncula, Not. Tir.

Pactōlus, i, m., = Πακτωλός,

  1. I. a river in Lydia which was said to bring down golden sands, the mod. Sarabat, Verg. A. 10, 142; Plin. 5, 29, 30, § 110; Hyg. Fab. 191; Ov. M. 11, 142: Pactolus aureas undas agens, Varr. ap. Non. 243, 20.
    Prov., of wealth: tibique Pactolus fluat, Hor. Epod. 15, 20; cf. Prop. 1, 14, 11; Juv. 14, 299.
    Hence,
  2. II. Pactōlis, ĭdis, f. adj., of or belonging to the Pactolus: nymphae Pactolides, Ov. M. 6, 16.

* pactor, ōris, m. [paciscor], one who makes a contract, a contractor, negotiator: societatis pactores, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 21, § 55.

pactum, i, n., v. pacisco fin.

Pactŭmējus, i, m., a supposititious son of Canidia, Hor. Epod. 17, 50.

1. pactus, a, um, Part. and P. a., from pacisco.

2. pactus, a, um, Part., from pango.

3. pactus, i, m., v. pacisco fin.

Pactyē, ēs, and Pactya, ae, f., = Πακτύη, a town of Thrace, now Doghan Arslan, Nep. Alc. 7, 4; Plin. 4, 11, 18, § 48.

Pācŭvĭus (Pācŭus), i, m.,

  1. I. the name of a Roman gens. So esp. Pacuvius, a celebrated Roman poet, a native of Brundisium, nephew of Ennius, and contemporary of P. Scipio Africanus, Cic. Opt. Gen. Or. 1, 1; id. Brut. 64, 229; id. Fin. 1, 2, 4; id. Or. 11, 36; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 56; Quint. 10, 1, 97. He is also said to have distinguished himself as a painter, Plin. 35, 4, 7, § 19.
    Sync. form: Pacui discipulus dicor, porro is fuit Enni, Enniu’ musarum, Varr. ap. Non. 88, 4; Plin. 35, 4, 7, § 19 Jan.
    Hence,
  2. II. Pā-cŭvĭānus, a, um, adj., Pacuvian: physicus, Cic. Div. 1, 57, 131: testudo, described by Pacuvius, Tert. Pall. 3: ex quibus est Pacuvianum illud: nam si qui, etc., that Pacuvian verse, Gell. 14, 1, 34.

Pădaei, ōrum, m., a people of farther India, at the mouth of the Indus. Acc. to Herodotus (3,99) they were cannibals.
Sing. collect.: vicinus Phoebo tenet arva Padaeus, Tib. 15, 1, 145.

Pădanĕus, a, um, v. Padus, A.

Pădānus, a, um, v. Padus, B.

†† pădi, ōrum, m. [Gallic], pitch-pines, Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 117.

Pădus, i, m., the Po, the principal river of Italy, Liv. 5, 33, 10; Mel. 2, 4, 4 sq.; Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 117: sive Padi ripis, Verg. A. 9, 680: populiferque Padus, Ov. Am. 2, 17, 32.
Hence,

  1. A. Pădānĕus, a, um, adj., of or on the Po: silvae, Sol. 33.
  2. B. Pădā-nus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Po: silvae, Sol. 20: culices, Sid. Ep. 1, 8.

Pădūsa, ae, f., a canal running from the Po to Ravenna, now the canal of St. Alberti: piscosove amne Padusae, Verg. A. 11, 457; cf. Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 119.

Paean, ānis, m., = Παιάν.

  1. I. An appellation of Apollo, as the healing deity: signum Paeanis, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 57, § 127: Paeana voca, Ov. M. 14, 720; Juv. 6, 172; cf. Fest. p. 222 Müll.; Macr. S. 1, 17.
  2. II. Transf.
    1. A. A religious hymn, orig. in honor of Apollo, but also transf. to other deities, a festive hymn, hymn of triumph or praise, a pœan: conclamant socii laetum paeana secuti, Verg. A. 10, 738; id. ib. 6, 657: Herculeum paeana canunt, Stat. Th. 4, 157: paeanem citare, Cic. de Or. 1, 59, 251.
      As a simple exclamation, like hymenaee: dicite io Paean, et io bis dicite Paean, shout huzza! Ov. A. A. 2, 1.
    2. B. The prevailing foot in the versification of such hymns, consisting of one long syllable and three short ones, Cic. Or. 64, 215 and 218 (commonly written paeon, q. v.).

Paeānītis, ĭdis, f., and paeānītes, acc. em or en, m., a precious stone, now unknown, Plin. 37, 10, 66, § 180.
Form in -tes, Sol. 9, 22; Prisc. Perieg. 440; Isid. Orig. 14, 4, 13.

Paeantĭădes, Paeantĭus, Pae-as, v. Poeant-.

paeantis, ĭdis, m., a precious stone, otherwise unknown, Sol. 9; Isid. Orig. 14, 4.

paedăgōga, ae, f. [paedagogus], a governess, Hier. Ep. 128, n. 4.

paedăgōgātus, ūs, m. [paedagogus], education, instruction (post-class.), Tert. adv. Val. 13.

paedăgōgĭānus, a, um, adj. [paedagogium], of or belonging to the paedagogium (post-class.): puer, Amm. 26, 6, 15; 29, 3, 3: qui ministeriales et paedagogiani exsistunt, reared to serve at court, Cod. Th. 8, 7, 5.

† paedăgōgīum, ii, n., = παιδαγωγεῖον,

  1. I. the place where boys of servile birth intended for pages were educated, the pages’ hall (not ante-Aug.), Plin. Ep. 7, 27, 13.
  2. II. Transf.
    1. A. In gen., the boys in a paedagogium: paedagogium pretiosā veste succingitur, Sen. Vit. Beat. 17, 2; id. Ep. 123, 7.
    2. B. In partic., boys reared for vice: ingenuae conditionis paedagogia, Suet. Ner. 28; cf. Plin. 33, 12, 54, § 152.

paedăgōgo, āre, v. a. [paedagogus], to educate, instruct (ante- and post-class.): depulsum mammā paedagogandum accipit, Pac. ap. Fest. s. v. repotia, p. 281 Müll.; Fulg. Planc. Contin. Virg. fin.

† paedăgōgus, i, m., = παιδαγωγός, lit. a slave who took the children to school and had the charge of them at home, a governor, preceptor, pedagogue (cf. praeceptor).

  1. I. Lit.: non paedagogum jam me, sed Ludum vocat, Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 31: nutrices et paedagogi, Cic. Lael. 20, 74: tamquam quicquam aliud sit sapiens quam humani generis paedagogus, Sen. Ep. 89, 11: de paedagogis hoc amplius, ut aut sint eruditi plane, aut se non esse eruditos sciant, Quint. 1, 1, 8; cf. id. 1, 1, 11; 1, 2, 10; 25; 1, 3, 15; 6, 1, 41 et saep.
    Terence jestingly gives the name paedagogus to a young man who accompanied his sweetheart to and from school. Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 94.
          1. (β) Adj.: lex paedagoga, Paul. Nol. Carm. 21, 681 (cf.: lex paedagogus, Vulg. Gal. 3, 24).
  2. II. Transf.
    1. A. In gen., a leader, guide, Suet. Galb. 14: unicuique nostrum paedagogum dari deum inferioris notae, Sen. Ep. 110, 1; cf. id. ib. 50, 2; Col. 1, 1, 13.
    2. B. A pedant: hic dux, hic ille est paedagogus, Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 32; cf. Suet. Ner. 37.

† paedĕros, ōtis, m., = παιδέρως.

  1. I. A precious stone.
    1. A. An opal, Plin. 37, 6, 22, § 84.
    2. B. An amethyst, Plin. 37, 9, 40, § 123.
  2. II. A plant, a kind of bear’s-foot, Plin. 22, 22, 34, § 76.

Paedīa, ae, f., = παιδεία (personified), a doctrine, learning, Mart. Cap. 7, 728; cf. id. 6, 578.

paedīcātor, ōris, m. [1. paedico], one given to unnatural vice, Licin. Calv. ap. Suet. Caes. 49.

1. paedīco (pēdīco, Auct. Priap. 68), āre, v. a. [παιδικός], to practise unnatural vice.

  1. I. Lit.: amores, Cat. 21, 4: puerum, Mart. 11, 94, 6.
    Of various forms of unnatural lewdness, Mart. 11, 104, 17; id. 7, 67, 1.
  2. II. Transf., of the tunic, Mart. 11, 99, 2.

2. paedīco, ōnis, m. [1. paedico], one who practises unnatural vice, Mart. 6, 33, 1; 12, 86, 1.

paedĭdus, a, um, adj. [paedor], nasty, filthy, stinking: paedidos sordidos significant atque obsoletos: tractum vocabulum a Graeco, quia παῖδες, i. e. pueri, talis sint aetatis, ut nesciant a sordibus abstinere, Paul. ex Fest. p. 222 Müll.: senex, Lucil. ap. Non. 166, 13 (al. perditus, al. arthriticus): paedidissimi servi, Petr. 34, 5.

paedor, ōris, m. [root pu-; Sanscr. pūje, to be rotten, stink; Gr. πύθομαι, πύον; cf. pus, puter, etc.], nastiness, filth (syn.: illuvies, sordes).

  1. I. Lit.: barba paedore horrida, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 12, 26: membra horrida paedore, Lucr. 6, 126; plur., Cic. Tusc. 3, 26, 62: exuere paedorem, Tac. A. 6, 44: longus in carcere paedor, Luc. 2, 72; Sen. Agam. 991.
  2. II. Transf., a stink, stench (post-class.): sine paedore, Aug. Civ. Dei, 14, 24.

paegnĭārĭus, a, um, adj. [paegnium], of or belonging to play. Thus the name paegniarii was given to gladiators who fought only in jest, Suet. Calig. 26: APRILIS PAEGNIAR., Inscr. Orell. 2566.

Paegnĭum, ii, n., = Παίγνιον (plaything), a Roman slave-name, Plaut. Pers. 5, 1, 20.

paelex (pēlex, and, only in inscriptions, pellex), icis, f. [akin to Sanscr. pallavaka, girl; Gr. παλλακίς, concubine], a kept mistress, concubine of a married man.

  1. I. Lit.: antiqui proprie eam pelicem nominabant, quae uxorem habenti nubebat. Cui generi mulierum etiam poena constituta est a Numā Pompilio hāc lege: paelex aram Junonis ne tangito, etc., Paul. ex Fest. p. 222 Müll.; cf. Gell. 4, 3, 3: libro Memorialium Masurius scribit: pelicem apud antiquos eam habitam, quae, cum uxor non esset, cum aliquo tamen vivebat eamque nunc vero nomine amicam, paulo honestiore concubinam appellari, Dig. 50, 16, 144; Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 39; id. Merc. 4, 1, 24 et saep.
    With gen. of the wronged wife: filiae paelex, Cic. Clu. 70, 199; id. Or. 30, 108: tune eris et matris paelex et adultera patris? Ov. M. 10, 347: illa Jovis magni paelex, metuenda sorori, id. H. 14, 95: fugit (Medea) ulta paelicem, Magni Creontis filiam, Hor. Epod. 5, 63: horrida, Juv. 2, 57.
    Poet., of the cows, as rivals of Pasiphaë, who had become enamoured of a bull, Ov. A. A. 1, 321.
  2. II. Transf.
    1. A. A kept mistress, concubine, in gen. (post-class.): virginem constupratam servo suo paelicem dederat, Curt. 10, 1, 5: Artaxerxi regi Persarum ex paelicibus centum et quindecim filii fuere, Just. 10, 1, 1; cf.: Granius Flaccus scribit, pelicem quosdam vocare eam, quae uxoris loco sine nuptiis in domo sit. Dig. 50, 16, 144.
    2. B. A male prostitute (postclass.), Paul. ex Fest. p. 222 Müll.: Dolabella eum (Caesarem) pelicem reginae (appellavit), as the favorite of King Nicomedes, Suet. Caes. 49; in apposition, pelices ministri, Mart. 12, 97, 3.
    3. * C. Comically, a substitute: quoties pelex culcita facta mea est (sc. matellae), Mart. 14, 119, 2.

Paeligni, v. Peligni.

paemĭnōsus, a, um, adj. In econom. lang., full of chinks, uneven, rough: area, Varr. R. R. 1, 51 (cited Non. 163, 14).

paene (less correctly pēne), adv. [etym. dub.], nearly, almost, as I may say (class.): fores paene effregisti, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 2, 4; id. Am. 4, 2, 6; id. Bacch. 4, 9, 26; id. Truc. 2, 6, 37: aliquem paene perdere, Ter. Heaut. 4, 6, 10: paene amicus, Cic. Fam. 1, 4, 1: paene communis, id. ib. 15, 1, 1: Brutum non minus amo, quam tu: paene dixi quam te, id. Att. 5, 20, 6; id. Rosc. Com. 6, 16: non solum in omnibus civitatibus, sed paene etiam in singulis domibus, factiones sunt, Caes. B. G. 6, 10: quam paene furvae regna Proserpinae … vidimus, Hor. C. 2, 13, 21: paene manu, quod amo, tanta est vicinia, tango: Saepe sed, heu! lacrimas hoc mihi paene movet, Ov. H. 18, 179.
Rarely with subj.: nisi nostri equites acutius vidissent, paene concedente adversario superasset, Cic. Fam. 8, 4, 1: legiones duas paene delessent, ni, etc., Amm. 16, 2, 10.
Paene sometimes follows the word it qualifies: omnibus par paene laus tribuitur, Cic. de Or. 3, 7, 28: totidem paene reperiantur genera, id. ib. 3, 9, 34: cuncta paene, id. ib. 3, 32, 127; 3, 55, 209: divini paene est viri, id. Rep. 1, 29, 45; 2, 20, 35; id. Div. 1, 1, 2; id. Leg. 2, 2, 4: et crescere paene opus, Liv. 31, 1, 5; 3, 53, 7; 9, 7, 1; 4, 27, 11: nudā paene cathedrā, Juv. 1, 65.
Sup.: ita mea consilia perturbat paenissume (penissime), utterly, completely, Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 127: me paenissume perdidit, id. Aul. 3, 4, 7: paenissime os alicui sublinere, id. ib. 4, 6, 2; App. M. 8, p. 203; id. Mag. p. 336, 25; cf. Prisc. p. 608 and 1008 P.

paeninsŭla (pēn-), ae, f. [paene-insula], a peninsula, Liv. 26, 42; Cat. 31, 1; Plin. 3, 10, 15, § 95.

paenĭtendus, paenĭtens, v. paeniteo fin.

paenĭtentĭa, ae, f. [paeniteo], repentance, penitence (not in Cic.; cf. Aus. Ep. 12, 10).
Absol.: celerem paenitentiam sequi, Liv. 31, 32: nec poenā commilitonum exterriti, nec paenitentiā conversi, Tac. A. 1, 45: fidelissimus est ad honesta ex paenitentiā transitus, Sen. Q. N. 3, praef. 3.
Plur.: serae dant poenas turpes paenitentiae, Phaedr. 1, 13, 2.
With gen.: coepti, Quint. 12, 5, 3: dicti, id. 9, 2, 60: gestae rei, Plin. 17, 12, 19, § 94; 10, 23, 33, § 67: paenitentiam agere, to repent: eo usque processum est, ut non paeniturum pro non acturo paenitentiam dixerit (Sallustius), Quint. 9, 3, 12: ejus (facinoris), Curt. 8, 6, 23; Plin. Ep. 7, 10, 3; Sen. Suas. 6, 11; 7, 10; Vulg. Matt. 3, 2 al.

paenĭtentĭālis, is, m. (sc. presbyter) [paenitentia], a priest appointed to hear the confession of penitents; a confessor, Inscr. Murat. 419, 2; Cassiod. Hist. Eccl. 9, 35.

paenĭtĕo (less correctly poen-), ui, no sup., ēre, 2, v. a. and impers. [root in poena, q. v.; Gr. ποινή].

  1. I. Pers.
    1. A. Act., to cause to repent, to displease (anteclass. and late Lat.): et me quidem haec conditio nunc non paenitet, causes me no regret, Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 50: quod male emptum est semper paenitet, Cat. ap. Plin. 18, 5, 6, § 26: paenitemini et credite Evangelio, repent, Vulg. Marc. 1, 15; id. Act. 3, 19.
    2. B. Neutr., to repent, be sorry: momenta certaminum assuefaciebant militem minus jam tandem aut virtutis aut fortunae paenitere suae, Liv. 22, 12, 10: etiam nunc paenitere suā sponte Aequos quam pati hostilia malle, id. 3, 2, 4: Athenienses primi paenitere coeperunt, Just. 11, 3, 3: paenituit populus, Vulg. Ecclus. 48, 16: non vult paenitere, id. Apoc. 2, 21.
      Esp., in part. pres.: Lepidus paenitens consili, Sall. H. 1, 49 Dietsch: paenitens facti, Suet. Vit. 15; cf. id. Claud. 43 init.; cf. II. A. ε and ι infra.
  2. II. Impers.
    1. A. It repents one, etc., i. e. I, you, etc., repent; I, etc., repent, am sorry, grieve, rue, etc.
          1. (α) Aliquem alicujus rei: non paenitere me consilii de tuā mansione, Cic. Att. 9, 10, 8: quem … in eam diem vitae non paenituerat, Just. 13, 1, 5: neque te, neque quenquam arbitror tuae paeniturum laudis, App. ap. Non. 158, 5: galeatum sero duelli paenitet, Juv. 1, 170.
          2. (β) Alicujus rei alone: bonae mentis paenituisset, Sen. Q. N 4, praef. 7: paenitebatque modo consilii, modo paenitentiae ipsius, Curt. 10, 7, 12.
          3. (γ) Aliquem alone: si eos quidem non paeniteret, Cic. Fam. 9, 5, 2.
          4. (δ) With acc. of person, foll. by inf.: efficiunt ut me non didicisse minus paeniteat, Cic. de Or. 2, 19, 77.
            (ε) With neutr. pron. as subj. (cf. I. B. supra; Zumpt, Gr. § 442, explains the pron. in these passages as acc., but v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 876): sapientis est nihil, quod paenitere possit, facere, Cic. Tusc. 5, 28, 81: sequitur ut nihil paeniteat, id. ib. 5, 18, 53: quaeri oportet utrum id facinus sit, quod paenitere fuerit necesse, id. Inv. 2, 13, 43.
            (ζ) Foll. by rel. adverb. clause: etsi solet eum, cum aliquid fecit, paenitere, Cic. Att. 8, 5, 1.
            (η) With quod: valde ego ipsi, quod de suā sententiā decesserit, paenitendum puto, Cic. Att. 7, 3, 6: paenitet quod non ab adultero coepi, Quint. Decl. 335.
            (θ) With dat. of agent: consilii nostri … nobis paenitendum, Cic. Fam. 9, 5, 2.
            (ι) Absol.: tanta vis fuit paenitendi, Cic. Tusc. 4, 37, 79: corrigere errorem paenitendo, id. Fragm. ap. Lact. 6, 24: Sallustius usque eo processit, ut non paeniturum pro non acturo paenitentiam dixerit, Quint. 9, 3, 12: paenitet et torqueor, Ov. P. 1, 2, 60; Prud. Cath. 2, 26.
    2. B. It discontents or displeases one, i. e. one is vexed, angry, offended, dissatisfied (class.; cf. taedet).
          1. (α) Aliquem alicujus rei: ut me imperii nostri paeniteret, Cic. Rep. 6, 16, 16: num hujusce te gloriae paenitebat? id. Phil. 1, 13, 33; cf. id. Rep. 3, 35, 47: num igitur, si ad centesimum annum vixisset, senectutis suae eum paeniteret? id. Sen. 6, 19: paenitere se virium suarum, Liv. 8, 23: paenituit multos vanae sterilisque cathedrae, Juv. 7, 203.
          2. (β) With quod and subj.: se paenitere, quod animum tuum offenderit, Cic. Att. 11, 13, 2.
    3. C. It concerns, is a care to, makes anxious, dissatisfies; and with negative, it is enough, satisfies (mostly anteclass.): an paenitet te, quanto hic fuerit usui? are you not satisfied? Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 71: paenitetne te, quot ancillas alam? id. Truc. 2, 6, 52: duas dabo, una si parum’st; et si duarum paenitebit, addentur duae, are not enough, not satisfactory, id. Stich. 4, 1, 34: an paenitebat flagitii te auctore quod fecisset Adulescens? was it not enough? Ter. Eun. 5, 6, 12; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 20; id. Phorm. 1, 3, 20: an paenitet vos, quod salvum atque incolumem exercitum traduxerim? Caes. B. C. 2, 32: quod a senatu quanti fiam minime me paenitet, Cic. Att. 1, 20, 2; cf.: tam diu velle debebis (discere), quoad te quantum proficias non paenitebit, id. Off. 1, 1, 2.
      Hence,
    1. A. paenĭtens, entis, P. a., repenting, repentant, penitent.
          1. (α) Absol.: optimus est portus paenitenti mutatio consilii, Cic. Phil. 12, 2, 7.
          2. (β) With gen.: Lepidum paenitentem consilii, Sall. ap. Charis. p. 224 P.
          3. (γ) With de: signa paenitentis de matrimonio dederat, Suet. Claud. 43.
            Hence, adv.: paenĭtenter, with regret, repentantly (late Lat.): auguria paenitenter omissa, Min. Fel. Oct. 26.
    2. B. paenĭ-tendus, a, um, to be repented of, blamable, objectionable (perh. not ante-Aug.).
      1. 1. Affirmatively: itaque hic ager sive exercetur, seu cessat, colono est paenitendus, Col. 3, 2: paenitendae rei recordatio, Sen. Brev. Vit. 10, 2.
      2. 2. With a negative: sub haud paenitendo magistro, Liv. 1, 35, 5; 25, 6, 10; 40, 6, 3: dicta non paenitenda, Gell. 1, 3, 2: gens Flavia reipublicae non paenitenda, Suet. Vesp. 1.

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