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† turba, ae, f. [= τύρβη; cf. Sanscr. turāmi, to hasten; turas, hasty; Lat. turma],

  1. I. a turmoil, hubbub, uproar, disorder, tumult, commotion, disturbance, of a crowd of people (syn. tumultus): praetor ait: cujus dolo malo in turbā damnum quod factum esse dicetur … Turbam appellatam Labeo ait ex genere tumultūs, idque verbum ex Graeco tractum ἀπὸ τοῦ θορυβεῖν. Turbam autem ex quo numero admittimus? Si duo rixam commiserint, utique non accipiemus in turbā id factum, quia duo turba non proprie dicentur. Enimvero si plures fuerint, decem aut quindecim homines, turba dicentur. Quid ergo, si tres aut quattuor? Turba utique non erit. Et rectissime Labeo inter turbam et rixam multum interesse ait; namque turbam multitudinis hominum esse turbationem et coetum, rixam etiam duorum, Dig. 47, 8, 4: turba et confusio rerum, Cic. Fam. 6, 6, 13; cf.: ut exsistat ex populo turba et confusio, id. Rep. 1, 45, 69: vis belli ac turba, id. Rosc. Am. 32, 91: multitudo ac turba fugientium, Caes. B. C. 2, 35: turbā atque seditionibus sine curā aluntur, Sall. C. 37, 3.
    Plur.: seditiones turbaeque populares, Quint. 2, 16, 2; cf. Tac. H. 4, 1 fin.: efficere turbas in castris, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 31: turba est nunc apud aram, Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 53: inter Officium turbamque sacri vocesque precantūm, Ov. M. 12, 33: festaque confusā resonabat regia turbā, id. ib. 12, 214 et saep.
  2. II. Transf.
    1. A. In gen., for a disturbance made by a few or a single person, a brawl, confusion, disturbance, quarrel (in good prose rare): non vides, quam turbam quosve fluctus concites? Att. ap. Non. 524, 26: turba atque rixa, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 66, § 149: fugiam intro, ne quid hic turbae fiat itidem, Plaut. Aul. 2, 9, 9: Amphitruo actutum uxori turbas conciet, id. Am. 1, 2. 14: quas mihi filius turbas turbet, id. Bacch. 4, 10, 1: ebrius turbam aliquam dare, Caecil. ap. Non. 525, 4: jam tum inceperat Turba inter eos, Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 59; 4, 1, 2; 4, 3, 11; id. Heaut. 1, 2, 16; 5, 2, 17.
    2. B. Concr., a crowd, throng, multitude, mob; a band, train, troop, etc.
      1. 1. Of persons (freq. and class.; cf.: multitudo, vulgus): in foro turbāque, Cic. Rep. 1, 17, 28: domus praetoria turbā referta, id. Verr. 2, 1, 52, § 137: ut te eripias ex eā, quam ego congessi in hunc sermonem, turbā patronorum, id. Brut. 97, 332: admiratio vulgi atque turbae, id. Fam. 7, 1, 13: cum ex hac turbā et colluvione discedam, id. Sen. 23, 85: videt in turbā Verrem, id. Verr. 1, 7, 19: turbae carmina, Manil. 2, 136.
        With gen.: Iliadum turbā comitata, Verg. A. 2, 580: omnis Circi, Quint. 1, 6, 45: hominum ejus aetatis, id. 1, 2, 2: discipulorum, id. 10, 5, 21: omnis eum stipata tegebat Turba ducum, Verg. A. 11, 13: scriptorum, Prop. 3 (4), 1, 12: Dario majorem turbam hominum esse, virorum sibi, Just. 11, 14, 10: forensem turbam in quattuor tribus conjecit, Liv. 9, 46, 14: consul alter velut unus, militaris turba erat, id. 22, 42, 3: conferta turba iter reliquum clauserat, id. 39, 49, 9: Quiritium, Hor. C. 1, 1, 7: clientium, id. ib. 3, 1, 13: poëtarum seniorum, id. S. 1, 10, 67: pauperiorum, id. ib. 1, 1, 111: mea turba, Liv. 6, 15, 10.
        Esp., the common crowd, = vulgus: turba patronorum, Cic. Brut. 97, 332.
      2. 2. Without the notion of a crowd or confusion, a great number, multitude: quid tibi de turbā narrem numeroque virorum? Ov. H. 15 (16), 181: plebes, turbā conspectior cum dignitates deessent, Liv. 22, 40, 4.
      3. 3. Of other things, animate or inanimate, a crowd, throng, troop, multitude, number: turba ignotorum deorum, Cic. N. D. 1, 15, 39: praeter vulgum turbamque animantum, Lucr. 2, 920: ferarum, Ov. M. 11, 44: canum, id. ib. 4, 722: volucrum, id. ib. 10, 144: luporum, Sil. 7, 129: materiaï, Lucr. 1, 1113; 2, 127: refertis itineribus agrestium turbā pecorumque, Liv. 26, 10, 8; cf. Ov. M. 10, 106: rotarum, id. ib. 6, 219: jaculorum, id. P. 4, 7, 35: vulnerum, Plin. 11, 37, 61, § 162: castrensium negotiorum, Plin. Ep. 9, 25, 1.
        Of a speech: mediocria in mediam turbam atque in gregem coiciantur, Cic. de Or. 2, 77, 314: inanium verborum, Quint. 8, 2, 17: argumentorum, id. 4, 2, 82; cf. id. 6, 1, 1; 4, 5, 7; 5, 13, 12.

turbāmentum, i, n. [turbo], a means of disturbance (very rare): turbamenta reipublicae, Sall. Or. Lepid. 11: turbamenta vulgi, Tac. H. 1, 23.

turbassit = turbaverit, v. turbo.

turbātē, adv., v. 1. turbo, P. a. fin.

turbātĭo, ōnis, f. [1. turbo], confusion, disorder, disturbance (perh. not ante-Aug.; cf.: conturbatio, perturbatio): turbam multitudinis hominum esse turbationem et coetum, rixam etiam duorum, Dig. 48, 8, 4 (v. turba init.): rerum, Liv. 24, 28, 1: reipublicae, Flor. 4, 6, 2: coloris et vultūs, Gell. 19, 1, 6: non sine magnā turbatione, App. M. 11, p. 271, 30.

turbātor, ōris, m. [1. turbo], a troubler, disquieter, disturber (not ante-Aug.): turbatores vulgi erant tribuni plebis, Liv. 4, 48, 1; so, vulgi, id. 4, 2, 7: plebis (Gracchi et Saturnini), Tac. A. 3, 27: Germaniae (Arminius), id. ib. 1, 55; cf. id. ib. 1, 30: otii, Sen. Contr. 3, 17 fin.
Plur.: turbatores belli, stirrers up of war, Liv. 2, 16, 4.

turbātrix, īcis, f. [turbator], she that troubles, disquiets, or disturbs (poet. and very rare): turbatrix fama, Stat. Th. 4, 369: pacis, Prud. Psych. 668.

turbātus, a, um, Part. and P. a. of 1. turbo.

turbellae or turbēlae, ārum, f. dim. [turba].

  1. I. A bustle, stir, row (only in vulg. lang.): tantas turbellas facio, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 134; so id. Ps. 1, 1, 108; App. de Deo Socr. p. 48, 20.
  2. * II. A little crowd, multitude: populi circumfluentis, App. M. 4, p. 151, 39 al.

turben, ĭnis, v. 2. turbo init.

turbĭdē, adv., v. turbidus fin.

turbĭdo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [turbidus], to trouble, to make turbid, to disturb, obscure (post-class.).

  1. I. Lit.: aquam, Sol. 49 fin.: aër turbidatus, Mart. Cap. 2, § 165.
  2. II. Trop.: laetitiam, Mart. Cap. 1, § 67; cf.: serenitatem animae, Sid. Ep. 6, 2.

* turbĭdŭlus, a, um, adj. dim. [id.], somewhat disturbed or confused: sensus, Prud. Apoth. 276.

turbĭdus, a, um, adj. [turba], full of confusion or disorder, wild, confused, disordered (class.; cf.: agitatus, tumultuosus).

  1. I. Lit.: turbida tempestas heri fuit, wild, stormy, Plaut. Rud. 4, 3, 3: tempestas, Lucr. 4, 169; 6, 376; Cic. Inv 1, 3, 4; Caes. B. C. 2, 22; Suet. Calig. 15: tempestas telorum, Verg. A. 12, 283: Auster, Hor. C. 3, 3, 5: aequora ponti, Lucr. 5, 1000: scaturiges, Liv. 44, 33, 3: nubila, Verg. A. 4, 245: caelum inmite ac turbidum, Plin. Ep. 8, 17, 1: imber, Verg. A. 12, 685: caligine atrā Pulvis, id. ib. 11, 876: coma, Ov. H. 10, 16: freta ventis Turbida, id. ib. 17 (18), 7.
    1. B. In partic., of fluids, troubled, thick, muddy, turbid: aqua, Cic. Tusc. 5, 34, 97: torrentes, Quint. 12, 10, 19: turbidus caeno gurges, Verg. A. 6, 296: auro turbidus Hermus, id. G. 2, 137.
  2. II. Trop., troubled, disordered, disturbed, perplexed, violent, boisterous, turbulent, vehement: mens, quae omni turbido motu semper vacet, Cic. Tusc. 1, 33, 80: turbidi animorum, concitatique motus, id. ib. 4, 15, 34: mores, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 18: ingenium, Tac. A. 14, 59: Venulo adversum se turbidus infert, Verg. A. 11, 742; 9, 57: turbidus et clamosus altercator, Quint. 6, 4, 15: reduxit in hiberna turbidos et nihil ausos, mutinous, seditious, Tac. A. 1, 38; so, civitas, id. H. 4, 11: ex oculis se turbidus abstulit Arruns, frightened, confused, Verg. A. 11, 814; cf. frons, Sen. Hippol. 432: acies oculi, id. Herc. Fur. 954: lumen lunae, id. Hippol. 790: puella, Ov. A. A. 3, 246: C. Caesar turbidus animi, Tac. H. 4, 48: turbidus irae, Sil. 12, 417; for which: turbidus irā, Stat. S. 3, 1, 39: turbidus ausi, Sil. 13, 214: res timida aut turbida, i. e. troubled, dangerous, perilous, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 11; cf.: res turbidas tractare, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 1, 45, 199 (Trag. v. 189 Vahl.): esse in turbidis rebus, Cic. Phil. 2, 16, 39: hoc tum turbido tempore, Nep. Pelop. 4, 1.
    Comp.: pectora sunt ipso turbidiora mari, Ov. Tr. 1, 11, 34: tumultuosius atque turbidius, Quint. 3, 8, 60.
    Sup.: turbidissimus quisque, Tac. H. 3, 49: actiones, Quint. 1, 10, 28.
        1. b. Neutr. absol.: si turbidissima sapienter ferebas, the most perilous or troubled circumstances, Cic. Fam. 6, 14, 3: nisi quod in turbido minus perspicuum fore putent quid agatur, in confused or troubled times, Liv. 3, 40, 10; so, in turbido, Sen. Ep. 3, 5; Tac. H. 1, 21; Curt. 4, 3, 18.
          Turbidum, adverb.: mens turbidum Laetatur, confusedly, Hor. C. 2, 19, 6.
          Hence, adv.: turbĭdē, in disorder, confusedly, Cic. Tusc. 4, 10, 24; Tac. A. 3, 12; Gell. 5, 9, 6.

* turbĭnātĭo, ōnis, f. [turbinatus], a pointing in the form of a cone: piri, Plin. 15, 21, 23, § 85.

turbĭnātus, a, um, adj. [2. turbo], coneshaped, pointed like a cone, conical.

  1. I. In gen.: adamas … turbinatus in mucronem, Plin. 37, 4, 15, § 56; 11, 37, 69, § 181.
    Comp.: turbinatior piris figura, Plin. 15, 15, 17, § 58.
  2. II. As adj. propr.: lapis Turbinatus, Inscr. Orell. 3304 and 6616.

* turbĭnĕus, a, um, adj. [2. turbo], shaped like a top, cone-shaped: vortex, Ov. M. 8, 556.

1. turbo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. (fut. perf. turbassit, for turbaverit, Cic. Leg. 3, 4; al. turbassitur) [turba], to disturb, agitate, confuse, disorder; to throw into disorder or confusion (freq. and class.; syn.: confundo, misceo, agito).

  1. I. Lit.: ventorum vi agitari atque turbari mare, Cic. Clu. 49, 138: aequora ventis, Lucr. 2, 1: hibernum mare, Hor. Epod. 15, 8; Ov. M. 7, 154; 14, 545 al.: eversae turbant convivia mensae, id. ib. 12, 222; cf. in a poet. transf.: ancipiti quoniam bello turbatur utrimque, Lucr. 6, 377: ne comae turbarentur, quas componi vetuit, Quint. 11, 3, 148: ne turbet toga mota capillos, Ov. Am. 3, 2, 75: capillos, id. M. 8, 859; id. Am. 3, 14, 33; cf. in a Greek construction: turbata capillos, id. M. 4, 474: ceram, the seal, Quint. 12, 8, 13: uvae recentes alvum turbant, Plin. 23, 1, 6, § 10.
    Absol.: instat, turbatque ruitque, Ov. M. 12, 134.
    Reflex.: cum mare turbaret (sc. se), Varr. R. R. 3, 17, 7 Schneid. ad loc. (al. turbaretur).
    1. B. In partic.
      1. 1. Milit. t. t., to throw into disorder, break the line of battle, disorganize: equitatus turbaverat ordines, Liv. 3, 70, 9: aciem peditum, id. 30, 18, 10.
        Absol.: equites eruptione factā in agmen modice primo impetu turbavere, Liv. 38, 13, 12: turbantibus invicem copiis, Flor. 4, 2, 49: hic rem Romanam, magno turbante tumultu, sistet, Verg. A. 6, 857.
      2. 2. Of water, to trouble, make thick or turbid: lacus, Ov. M. 6, 364: fons quem nulla volucris turbarat, id. ib. 3, 410: flumen imbre, id. ib. 13, 889: limo aquam, Hor. S. 1, 1, 60: aquas lacrimis, Ov. M. 3, 475; cf.: pulvis sputo turbatus, Petr. 131.
  2. II. Trop.: non modo illa permiscuit, sed etiam delectum atque ordinem turbavit, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 50, § 123: qui omnia inflma summis paria fecit, turbavit, miscuit, id. Leg. 3, 9, 19: Aristoteles quoque multa turbat, a magistro Platone non dissentiens, id. N. D. 1, 13, 33: quantas res turbo! Plaut. Mil. 3, 2, 1: quas meus filius turbas turbet, id. Bacch. 4, 9, 1; cf.: quae meus filius turbavit, id. ib. 5, 1, 5; id. Cas. 5, 2, 6: ne quid ille turbet vide, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 7, § 24: haec, quae in re publicā turbantur, id. ib. 3, 9, 3: cum dies alicui nobilium dicta novis semper certaminibus contiones turbaret, Liv. 3, 66, 2: ne incertā prole auspicia turbarentur, id. 4, 6, 2: milites nihil in commune turbantes, Tac. H. 1, 85: turbantur (testes), Quint. 5, 7, 11; cf. id. 4, 5, 6; 5, 14, 29; 10, 7, 6: spem pacis, Liv. 2, 16, 5.
    Absol.: Ph. Ea nos perturbat. Pa. Dum ne reducam, turbent porro, quam velint, Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 12 (cf. I. B. 1. supra): repente turbare Fortuna coepit, Tac. A. 4, 1: si una alterave civitas turbet, id. ib. 3, 47: M. Servilius postquam, ut coeperat, omnibus in rebus turbarat, i. e. had deranged all his affairs, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 2.
    Impers. pass.: nescio quid absente nobis turbatum’st domi, Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 7: totis Usque adeo turbatur agris, Verg. E. 1, 12: si in Hispaniā turbatum esset, Cic. Sull. 20, 57.
    Hence, turbātus, a, um, P. a., troubled, disturbed, disordered, agitated, excited.
    1. A. Lit.: turbatius mare ingressus, more stormy, Suet. Calig. 23: turbatius caelum, id. Tib. 69.
    2. B. Trop.: hostes inopinato malo turbati, Caes. B. C. 2, 12: oculis simul ac mente turbatus, Liv. 7, 26, 5: turbatus religione simul ac periculo, Suet. Ner. 19; cf.: turbatus animi, Sil. 14, 678: placare voluntates turbatas, Cic. Planc. 4, 11: seditionibus omnia turbata sunt, Sall. Or. Phil. contr. Lepid. 1: turbata cum Romanis pax, Just. 18, 2, 10: omnia soluta, turbata atque etiam in contrarium versa, Plin. Ep. 8, 14, 7; cf.: quae si confusa, turbata, permixta sunt, etc., id. ib. 9, 5, 3.
      Hence, adv.: turbātē, confusedly, disorderly: aguntur omnia raptim atque turbate, in confusion, Caes. B. C. 1, 5, 1.

2. turbo, ĭnis, m. (collat. form tur-ben, ĭnis, n., Tib. 1, 5, 3; id. ap. Charis. p. 118 P.; gen. turbonis, Caes. ib.) [1. turbo], that which spins or twirls round (cf. vertex).

  1. I. A whirlwind, hurricane, tornado: ventus circumactus et eundem ambiens locum et se ipse vertigine concitans turbo est. Qui si pugnacior est ac diutius volutatur, inflammatur, et efficit, quem πρηστῆρα Graeci vocant: hic est igneus turbo, Sen. Q. N. 5, 13, 3: falsum est faces et trabes turbine exprimi, id. ib. 7, 5, 1; 2, 22, 2; id. Ep. 109, 18: procellae, turbines, Cic. N. D. 3, 20, 51; cf.: saevi exsistunt turbines, Pac. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 39, 157 (Trag. Rel. p. 111 Rib.); Enn. ap. Schol. Vat. ad Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 4 (Ann. v. 553 Vahl.): venti vis rapido percurrens turbine campos, Lucr. 1, 273; cf. id. 1, 279; 1, 294; 5, 217; Ov. M. 6, 310: senatus decrevit, ut Minerva, quam turbo dejecerat, restitueretur, Cic. Fam. 12, 25, 1: turbo aut subita tempestas, id. Cael. 32, 79: pulvis collectus turbine, Hor. S. 1, 4, 31: venti rotanti turbine portant, Lucr. 1, 294: ita turbine nigro Ferret hiemps, Verg. G. 1, 320: venti ruunt et terras turbine perflant, id. A. 1, 83: accendi turbine quodam aëris, Sen. Q. N. 7, 4, 1.
    In apposition with ventus: exoritur ventus turbo, Plaut. Curc. 5, 2, 47: circumstabant navem turbines venti, id. Trin. 4, 1, 16.
    1. B. Trop., whirlwind, storm, etc.: qui in maximis turbinibus ac fluctibus rei publicae navem gubernassem, Cic. Pis. 9, 20: tu, procella patriae, turbo ac tempestas pacis atque otii, id. Dom. 53, 137: ego te in medio versantem turbine leti Eripui, Cat. 64, 149: cum illi soli essent duo rei publicae turbines, Cic. Sest. 11, 25: miserae mentis, Ov. Am. 2, 9, 28: miserarum rerum, id. M. 7, 614: nescio quo miserae turbine mentis agor, id. Am. 2, 9, 28: Gradivi, i. e. tumult of war, Sil. 11, 101: virtutem turbine nullo Fortuna excutiet tibi, Luc. 2, 243: horum mala, turbo quīs rerum imminet, Sen. Agam. 196.
  2. II. Lit., a spinning-top, whipping-top, Verg. A. 7, 378 sq.; Tib. 1, 5, 3.
    1. B. Transf., of things that have the shape or whirling motion of a top, as a reel, whirl, spindle, etc., Cic. Fat. 18, 42; Varr. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 1, 449; Hor. Epod. 17, 7; Cat. 64, 315; Ov. M. 1, 336; Plin. 2, 10, 7, § 47; 9, 36, 61, § 130; 27, 4, 5, § 14; 36, 13, 19, § 90; 37, 4, 15, § 56.
  3. III. A whirling motion, a whirl, twirl, twist, rotation, revolution, a round, circle (mostly poet.): cum caeli turbine ferri, Lucr. 5, 624: lunae, id. 5, 632: ignium, id. 6, 640; cf. Verg. A. 3, 573: teli (contorti), id. ib. 6, 594; cf. id. ib. 11, 284; Luc. 3, 465; Sil. 4, 542: saxi, whirling force, circular hurling, Verg. A. 12, 531: serpentis, i. e. the coiling, Sil. 3, 191: Aegaeus, whirlpool, vortex, Claud. Laud. Stil. 1, 287; so, rapax, Stat Th. 4, 813: verterit hunc (servum in emancipatione) dominus, momento turbinis exit Marcus Dama, i. e. of whirling round, Pers. 5, 78: militiae turbine factus eques, i. e. through the round of military gradation or promotion, Ov. Am. 3, 15, 6: vulgi, i. e. a throng, crowd, Claud. II. Cons. Stil. 200.

3. Turbo, ōnis, m., the name of a gladiator, Hor. S. 2, 3, 310.

turbor, ōris, m. [1. turbo], restlessness, unquietness, disturbance, tumult (late Lat.), Cael. Aur. Acut. 1, 15, n. 149; 2, 1 med.

turbŭla, ae, f. dim. [turba], a disorderly group, a little crowd of people (Appuleian): turbulae complent totas plateas, App. M. 11, p. 260, 16; 11, p. 159, 27; 4, p. 151, 39.

turbŭlentē, adv., v. turbulentus fin.

turbŭlenter, adv. [turbulentus], in a turbulent manner, confusedly, tumultuously, etc.: nihil turbulenter, nihil temere facere, Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 7.

turbŭlentĭa, ae, f. [turbulentus], trouble, disquiet, turbulence (post-class.), Tert. adv. Prax. 29 fin.; id. adv. Herm. 41.

turbŭlento, āre, v. a. [turbulentus], to trouble, disturb (post-class.): me strepitu turbulentant, App. M. 9, p. 222, 16; 2, p. 120, 9.

turbŭlentus, a, um, adj. [turba], full of trouble or commotion.

  1. I. Pass., restless, agitated, confused, disturbed, boisterous, stormy, tempestuous (class.; syn. tumultuosus): tempestas, stormy, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 26; Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 143; Auct. B. Alex. 45, 2: loci Neptunii, Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 3: aqua, turbid, muddy, Phaedr. 1, 1, 5: atomorum turbulenta concursio, confused, Cic. Fin. 1, 6, 20: est igitur quiddam turbulentum in hominibus singulis, id. Rep. 3, 35, 49 (Non. 301, 6): res publica, id. Fam. 12, 10, 3: heu edepol res turbulentas! Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 68: praeda, id. Rud. 4, 4, 142: ea sunt et turbulenta et temeraria et periculosa, Cic. Caecin. 12, 34: errores, id. N. D. 2, 28, 70: animi, stirred up, aroused, excited, id. Tusc. 4, 5, 9.
    Comp.: turbulentior inde annus excepit, Liv. 2, 61, 1.
    Sup.: turbulentissimum tempus (opp. tranquillissimum), Cic. Pis. 15, 33; id. Fam. 9, 1.
  2. II. Act., making trouble, troublesome, turbulent, factious, seditious: turba plerumque est turbulenta, Varr. ap. Gell. 13, 11, 3: P. Decius fuit ut vita sic oratione etiam turbulentus, Cic. Brut. 28, 108: seditiosus civis et turbulentus, id. de Or. 2, 11, 48: turbulenti et mali cives, id. ib. 2, 31, 135: tribuni, Tac. H. 2, 38: contiones, Cic. Att. 4, 3, 4; Quint. 5, 13, 39: consilia Antonii, Cic. Att. 15, 4, 1: minae populi, Quint. 2, 20, 8.
    Sup.: tribuni plebis, Caes. B. C. 1, 5: leges, Suet. Caes. 16.
    Hence, adv.: turbŭlen-tē, in a turbulent manner, confusedly, tumultuously, boisterously, with violence (cf. also turbulenter).
          1. (α) Form turbulente: qui non turbulente humana patiantur, without agitation, composedly, Cic. Tusc. 4, 28, 60: se gerere, Dig. 48, 19, 28, § 3.
          2. (β) Form turbulenter: nihil turbulenter, nihil temere facere, Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 7.
            Comp.: egit de Caepione turbulentius, Cic. Part. Or. 30, 105.
            Sup.: regere, Sid. Ep. 2, 13 med.

* turbystum or turbistum, i, n., a drug used by painters to facilitate the reception of a color, a mordant: scytatum atque turbystum, Plin. 33, 5, 26, § 88.