Lewis & Short

sōl, sōlis, m. [Sanscr. svar, shine; cf. Gr. Σείριος, σείρ, σέλας, Ἑλένη; and Lat. serenus].

  1. I. Sing., the sun, as a heavenly body.
    1. A. In gen.: tempora duorum generum sunt, unum annale, quod sol circuitu suo finit, Varr. R. R. 1, 27: solis cursus lunaeque meatus, Lucr. 5, 77: annum ad cursum solis accommodavit, Suet. Caes. 40: liquidi fons luminis aetherius sol, Lucr. 5, 282: quid potest esse sole majus? Cic. Ac. 2, 26, 82: illud dubium esse nulli potest quin arcus imago solis sit, Sen. Q. N. 1, 3, 11.
    2. B. Esp.
      1. 1. Sol oriens or solis ortus, the east, as a quarter of the heavens: spectant in septemtrionem et orientem solem, Caes. B. G. 1, 1; 5, 13; 7, 69; cf.: a sole exoriente supra Maeotis paludes, Cic. poët. Tusc. 5, 17, 49: si illud signum solis ortum conspiceret, id. Cat. 3, 8, 20: facem stellae ab ortu solis ad occidentem porrigi visam, Liv. 29, 14, 3: ab ortu solis flare venti, id. 25, 27, 6.
      2. 2. Sol occidens or solis occasus, the west: alterum (litus) vergit ad solem occidentem, Caes. B. G. 5, 13: laborant ut spectent sua triclinaria ad solem occidentem, Varr. R. R. 1, 13 fin.: spectat inter occasum solis et septemtriones, north-west, Caes. B. G. 1, 1: quae (pars insulae) est propius solis occasum, id. ib. 4, 28.
        Cf. poet.: sub sole cadente, Manil. 4, 791.
        In phrases, sol is often omitted by ellipsis: unde sol oritur oriens nuncupatur aut ortus; quo demergitur occidens vel occasus, Mel. 1, 1 init.; v. orior, ortus, occĭdo.
      3. 3. Sol oriens or sol (solis) ortus = sunrise; sol occidens or solis (sol) occasus = sunset: qui solem nec occidentem umquam viderint, nec orientem, Cic. Fin. 2, 8, 23: sole orto Gracchus copias educit, Liv. 24, 15, 1: prius orto Sole, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 113: certi solis lunaeque et ortus et occasus sunt, Liv. 44, 37, 7: numquam ab orto sole ad occidentem … a curiā abscessit, id. 27, 50, 4: ut, equis insidentes, solis ortu cursum in quemdam locum dirigerent, Val. Max. 7, 3, 2 ext.: solis occasu, Caes. B. G. 1, 50; Liv. 24, 17, 7: ad (sub) solis occasum, towards sunset, Caes. B. G. 5, 8; 2, 11: in occasum declivi sole, Plin. 8, 50, 76, § 203.
        Poet.: surgente a sole, Hor. S. 1, 4, 29.
        For sol occasus, v. occidere, and Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 87 (ante solem occasum); id. ib. 5, 7, 35 (ad solem occasum); cf.: ab exortu ad occasum perstare contuentis solem, Plin. 7, 2, 2, § 22.
      4. 4. To designate a clime, country, etc., as eastern or southern (post-Aug.): ille Liberi currus triumphantem usque ad Thebas a solis ortu vehat, Sen. Vit. Beat. 25, 4: terminos civitatis nostrae cum sole metimur, id. Ot. Sap. 4 (31), 1. it tamen ultra oceanum solemque, id. Ep. 94, 63: sub alio sole, in another clime, Manil. 4, 171; cf.: ut sua orientis occidentisque terminis finiat (sc. solis), Sen. Ep. 92, 32.
      5. 5. Trop., of a great good or a great man: sol excidisse mihi e mundo videtur, Cic. Att. 9, 10, 3: solem e mundo tollere videntur qui, etc., id. Lael. 13, 47: P. Africanus, sol alter (with sole geminato), id. N. D. 2, 5, 14; cf. Hor. S. 1, 7, 24: neque mundum posse duobus solibus regi, neque orbem, etc., Just. 11, 12.
      6. 6. Prov.: et sceleratis sol oritur, Sen. Ben. 4, 26, 1; cf.: qui solem suum oriri facit super bonos et malos, Vulg. Matt. 5, 45: nondum omnium dierum sol occidit (Germ. Es ist noch nicht aller Tage Abend) = there are more days yet to come, sc. when the tables may be turned, Liv. 39, 26, 9.
    3. C. The poets reckon time in many ways by the movement, etc., of the sun: bis me sol adiit gelidae post frigora brumae, two years, Ov. Tr. 4, 7, 1: donec sol annuus omnes conficeret metas, within a year, Stat. Achill. 1, 455; cf. Nemes. Cyn. 122: octavo lumine solis, on the eighth day, Lucr. 6, 1195: sol septimus, Juv. 15, 44: cum sol Herculei terga leonis adit, in midsummer, Ov. A. A. 1, 68: O sol Pulcher, O laudande (= dies; sc. Augusti reditus), Hor. C. 4, 2, 46; cf. id. S. 1, 9, 72: supremo sole, at noon, id. Ep. 1, 5, 3: sub medium solem, Manil. 4, 651; cf. id. 4, 593: sol abit, it is growing late, Plaut. Merc. 5, 2, 32; cf.: a primo ad ultimum solem, all day long, Amm. 14, 6, 10.
    4. D. Transf., the sun, sunlight, sunshine, heat of the sun: ager soli ostentus, exposed to the sun, Cato, R. R. 6: sarmenta imponito quae frigus defendant et solem, id. ib. 48 (49): uvas ponite in sole biduum, id. ib. 112 (113): sol semper hic est a mani ad vesperum, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 80: quin exta inspicere in sole etiam vivo licet, id. Aul. 3, 6, 29: nec res posse in sole videri, ni, etc., Lucr. 5, 292: nunc quidem paululum a sole, out of the sun, Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 92: cum in sole ambulem, id. de Or. 2, 14, 60: apricatio in illo Lucretino tuo sole, id. Att. 7, 11, 1; cf. id. ib. 12, 6, 1: iter in calescente sole factum erat, Liv. 44, 36 init.: torrente meridiano sole, id. 44, 38: ex vehementi sole, id. 28, 15, 11: urente assiduo sole, id. 44, 33 fin.: ut veniens dextrum latus aspiciat sol, light of the morning sun, Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 6: reformidant insuetum lumina solem, Ov. P. 3, 4, 49; cf.: nam et solem lumina aegra formidant, Sen. Vit. Beat. 20, 6: adversi solis ab ictu, sunstroke, Ov. M. 3, 183: altera (spelunca) solem non recipit, Sen. Ep. 55, 6: sole correptis, Plin. 29, 6, 38, § 119: pisces, quos sole torreant, id. 7, 2, 2, § 30: siccatur in sole, id. 19, 1, 3, § 16: in agmine (Caesar) anteibat capite detecto, seu sol seu imber esset, Suet. Caes. 57: patiens pulveris atque solis, Hor. C. 1, 8, 4.
      And trop.: in solem ac pulverem procedere, or producere, into heat and dust, i. e. into practical life (opp. umbra eruditorum), Cic. Brut. 9, 37; id. Leg. 3, 6, 14.
      In a similar sense: cedat stilus gladio, umbra soli, Cic. Mur. 14, 30.
      Prov.: clarior quam solis radii, Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 2: sole ipso est clarius, Arn. 1, n. 47; cf. the class. luce clarius, and: cum id solis luce videatur clarius, Cic. Div. 1, 3, 6.
  2. II. Plur.
    1. A. Suns, images of the sun (class.): neque pauci neque leves sunt qui se duo soles vidisse dicant, Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15: Albae duos soles visos ferebant, Liv. 28, 11, 3: et rursus plures soles simul cernuntur, Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99: quid eas vocem? imagines solis? Historici soles vocant, et binos ternosque adparuisse memoriae tradunt, Sen. Q. N. 1, 11, 2.
    2. B. Poet. = days (v. I. C.): nec tamen illis solibus ulla comparebat avis, Lucr. 6, 1219: saepe ego longos Cantando puerum memini me condere soles, to spend the long summer days in singing, Verg. E. 9, 52: tres soles … Erramus, id. A. 3, 203; cf. Sil. 3, 554: Bajani soles, the sunny days of Bajœ, Mart. 6, 43, 5: O soles! id. 10, 51, 6: soles fulsere quondam tibi candidi, Cat. 8, 3, 8: soles occidere et redire possunt, id. 5, 4: longis solibus, Stat. Th. 5, 460: solibus arctis, short winter days, id. S. 1, 3, 88.
      So, to describe certain seasons: solibus hibernis … gratior, than the sun in winter, Ov. M. 13, 793: si numeres anno soles et nubila toto, the sunny and cloudy days, id. Tr. 5, 8, 31.
    3. C. Light or heat of the sun (poet. and in postAug. prose; cf. D. supra): pars terrai perusta solibus assiduis, Lucr. 5, 253; cf. Ov. H. 5, 112: pluviis et solibus icta, Lucr. 6, 1101: quae carent ventis et solibus, i. e. are buried, Hor. Epod. 16, 13; 2, 41: et soles melius nitent, id. C. 4, 5, 8; cf. id. Ep. 1, 10, 17: ex imbri soles Prospicere … poteris, Verg. G. 1, 393: inque novos soles audent se gramina tuto Credere, id. ib. 2, 332; similarly, Ov. F. 4, 404; Stat. Th. 1, 363; 4, 421; 4, 831: tum blandi soles, Ov. F. 1, 157: frigore soles juvant, id. R. Am. 405; so Mart. 10, 42: Romulus et frater … Solibus et campo corpora nuda dabant, Ov. F. 2, 366: aequora semper solibus orba tument, id. P. 1, 3, 54: solibus rupta glacies, Juv. 4, 43: geminā pereunt caligine soles, Stat. Th. 5, 154: aestivos quo decipis aere soles? id. S. 4, 4, 19: tacent exhausti solibus amnes, id. Th. 3, 2, 59; 4, 56; Mart. 10, 12, 7; 8, 14, 4; 14, 28; Ov. M. 1, 435: cura soles assiduo quaerendi, Plin. 26, 3, 8, § 16: perpeti soles, id. 36, 22, 45, § 162: evitatis solibus, id. 28, 12, 50, § 186: (sal) siccatur aestivis solibus, id. 31, 7, 39, § 73: merguntur in aquam solibus tepefactam, id. 19, 1, 3, § 17: nec campi minus soles accipiunt, id. 17, 4, 3, § 29: sarculatio novos soles admittit, id. 18, 21, 50, § 184; cf. id. 12, 5, 11, § 23; 12, 7, 14, § 26: aurea pellebant tepidos umbracula soles, Ov. F. 2, 311: dum patula defendimus arbore soles, Stat. S. 3, 1, 70.
      Very rarely of the sun’s revolution, without reference to light or heat: quae via soles praecipitet, Stat. Th. 6, 362.
      In class. prose sometimes solis ardores, with the force of the poet. soles: et nimios solis defendit ardores, Cic. Sen. 15, 53; cf.: propter nimios solis ardores, Sen. Ep. 90, 17.
  3. III. Sol, the Sun-god.
    1. A. Lit.
        1. a. The ancient Italian deity Sol, represented as driving the four-horse sun-chariot from east to west; later identified with the Greek Helios, and hence often called Titan or Phœbus by the poets: signi dic quid est? Cum quadrigis Sol exoriens, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 269: Sol … aeternam suscepit lampada mundi, Lucr. 5, 402: rapax vis Solis equorum, id. 5, 402: quod magni filia Solis eram, Ov. R. Am. 276; id. M. 14, 346: Solis currus, id. P. 4, 6, 48: secundum (invocabis) Solem et Lunam, Varr. R. R. 1, 1 med.: grates tibi ago, summe Sol, Cic. Rep. 6, 9, 9: Sol Phaëthonti filio facturum se esse dixit quidquid optasset, id. Off. 3, 25, 94: Quid? illum filium Solis nonne patris ipsius luce indignum putas? id. Tusc. 3, 12, 26: qui Solem aurigando aequiperare existimaretur, Suet. Ner. 53: Solis colossus Rhodi, Plin. 34, 7, 18, § 41; 34, 8, 19, § 63.
          Comic.: credo edepol equidem dormire Solem atque adpotum probe, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 129.
        2. b. The Phœnician sun-god Heliogabalus (Elagabal), whose worship was introduced by the later emperors (Aurelianus, Heliogabalus): ad templum Heliogabali tetendit … et Romae Soli templum posuit, Vop. Aur. 25; cf. id. ib. 4; 14; 35; 39; Lampr. Heliog. 1; 3; afterwards called Sol Invictus, whose birthday, acc. to the Calendar. Const., was celebrated December 25th; cf. Julian. Or. 4, p. 156.
        3. c. Of the sun-worship of other nations: (Germani) deorum numero ducunt Solem et Vulcanum et Lunam, Caes. B. G. 6, 21; cf.: rex regum, frater Solis et Lunae, of the king of Persia, Amm. 17, 5, 3.
    2. B. The sun-god as emblem of omniscience: non potuit reperire, si ipsi Soli quaerundas dares, lepidiores ad hanc rem quam ego dabo, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 206: meliorem neque tu reperis, neque Sol videt, id. Stich. 1, 2, 53: at vigiles mundi … Sol et Luna, Lucr. 5, 1435: si hoc uno quicquam Sol vidisset iniquius, Cic. Off. 2, 8, 28: O Solem ipsum beatissimum, qui antequam se abderet fugientem vidit Antonium, id. Phil. 14, 10, 27: Solem consule, qui late facta diurna videt, Ov. F. 4, 582: quis Solem fallere possit? id. A. A. 2, 573; cf. Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 21; Sen. Herc. Fur. 595.
      Hence represented as betrayer of conspiracies: propiusque honos Boli, qui occulta conjurationis retexisset, Tac. A. 15, 74; to him was commended the detection of murderers, in inscriptions over the slain: SOL, TIBI COMMENDO QVI MANVS INTVLIT EI, Inscr. Orell. 4791: SOL, TV INDICES EIVS MORTEM, ib. 4792.
    3. C. Poet., to describe the times of the day: solverat flagrantes Sol pronus equos, = it was night, Stat. Th. 3, 408: Sol operum medius summo librabat Olympo Lucentes, ceu staret, equos, = it was mid-day, id. ib. 5, 85.
  4. IV. In gen., solis as an appellation.
    1. A. DIES SOLIS, Sunday (late Lat.), Inscr. Orell. 508.
    2. B. Solis gemma, a precious stone, Plin. 37, 10, 67, § 181.
    3. C. Solis insula, off the coast of Gedrosia, Plin. 6, 22, 24, § 86; 6, 23, 26, § 97.
    4. D. Solis fons, in Marmorica, Curt. 4, 7, 22; Mela, 1, 8, 1; Plin. 5, 5, 5, § 31.
    5. E. Solis promunturium, in Africa, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 9.
  5. F. Solis oppidum, a town in Ægina, Plin. 5, 9, 11, § 61.