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māla, ae, f. [mando, like scala, from scando],

  1. I. the cheek-bone, jaw; in the stricter anatomical sense, the upper bones of the face, between the eyes, nose, and mouth, in which the teeth are fixed (usually in plur.): maxilla est mobile os. Malae cum toto osse, quod superiores dentes excipit, immobiles sunt, Cels. 8, 1: dentium pars maxillae, pars superiori ossi malarum haeret, id. ib.: ut meos malis miser manderem natos, Poët. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 58, 215; Lucr. 2, 638: ambesas subigat malis absumere mensas, Verg. A. 3, 257.
    Of the dog, Verg. A. 12, 755; of the horse, id. G. 3, 268; of the wolf, id. A. 11, 681; of the lion: horribilique malā, Hor. C. 2, 19, 23.
  2. II. Transf., the corresponding external part of the face, a cheek (mostly in plur.): infra oculos malae homini tantum, quas prisci genas vocabant Pudoris haec sedes: ibi maxime ostenditur rubor, Plin. 11, 37, 58, § 157: pugno malam si tibi percussero mox, Plaut. As. 2, 2, 104; id. Mil. 2, 5, 35: feri malam illi rursum, slap his cheek again, id. Cas. 2, 6, 55: (juventas) molli vestit lanugine malas, Lucr. 5, 889; Ov. M. 12, 391; Verg. A. 10, 324: impubes, id. ib. 9, 751: tenerae, Ov. M. 13, 753: Quod Aulo Agerio a Numerio Negidio pugno mala percussa est, Vet. Form. in Mos. et Rom. Leg. Coll. 2, 7, 4: paucae sine vulnere malae, Juv. 15, 54.

mālo, mālui, malle (old forms, mavolo for malo, Plaut. As. 5, 1, 18; id. Curc. 2, 3, 41; id. Poen. 1, 2, 88; 90; id. Rud. 5, 3, 57; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 25: mavolunt for malunt, Naev. ap. Fest. s. v. stuprum, p. 317 Müll.: mavoluit for maluit, Petr. S. p. 77: mavelim for malim, Plaut. As. 5, 2, 27; id. Aul. 4, 5, 1; id. Capt. 3, 3, 1; id. Bacch. 4, 8, 18; id. Men. 5, 1, 20; id. Mil. 4, 8, 46; id. Merc. 4, 3, 21; 5, 4, 48; id. Poen. 1, 1, 23; 4, 2, 5; 5, 2, 31; id. Pers. 1, 1, 4; id. Rud. 2, 7, 12; id. Truc. 2, 2, 22; 2, 4, 68; 4, 2, 29; 30; 33: mavelis for malis, id. Capt. 2, 2, 20; id. Ps. 1, 2, 8: mavelit for malit, id. Trin. 2, 2, 25: mavellem for mallem, id. Am. 1, 3, 14; id. Curc. 4, 2, 26; id. Bacch. 2, 2, 21; 3, 3, 48; 4, 9, 125; id. Mil. 2, 2, 16; id. Ps. 1, 1, 128; 4, 5, 6; id. Poen. 3, 3, 37: mavolet for malet, id. As. 1, 1, 108), v. a. [magis-volo], to choose rather, to prefer.

  1. I. In gen., constr. with acc. of the person or thing, with an object-clause, or with subj. (class.).
          1. (α) With acc. of the person or thing (rare): bonos et senatum malet, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 4, 2: ambigua, ancipitia malebat, Tac. H. 2, 86: quin omnia malit, Hor. S. 2, 4, 61: quod mallem, which I would prefer, Ov. Tr. 2, 239; id. H. 21, 35: malo, Malo Venusinam quam te, Juv. 6, 167: ridenda poëmata malo, quam te, id. 10, 124; 14, 153.
            In late Lat. also with acc. and dat.: ut me aliis omnibus mallet, App. Mag. 73, p. 321, 10.
          2. (β) With object-clause (usu. class. constr.): seseque ii perire mavolunt ibidem, quam, etc., Naev. ap. Fest. p. 317 Müll.; Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 6, § 81 Müll.; Cic. Off. 1, 19, 65: Cato jam servire quam pugnare mavult, id. Att. 7, 15, 2: maluit illum esse deum, Hor. S. 1, 8, 3; Cic. Att. 13, 22, 3; id. Div. 2, 57, 118: judicium prius de probro quam de re maluit fieri, id. Quint. 2, 9: praetextam sumere mavis, an esse, etc., Juv. 10, 99.
          3. (γ) With nom. and inf.: esse quam videri bonus malebat, Sall. C. 54, 5: unde fit ut malim fraterculus esse gigantis, Juv. 4, 98.
          4. (δ) With subj. (mostly poet.): mallem … cognoscerem, Cic. Fam. 7, 14: mallem divitias mihi dedisses, Quam, etc., Cat. 24, 4: fabula sit mavult, quam sine amore deus, Tib. 2, 3, 32: malo pater tibi sit Thersites, Juv. 8, 269.
            Sometimes with comp. abl. instead of quam (poet. and in post-Aug. prose): nullos his mallem ludos spectasse, rather than these, Hor. S. 2, 8, 79: ne dubitaret armis incruentas conditiones malle, to choose rather than arms, prefer to arms, Tac. A. 12, 46.
            Sometimes followed pleonastically by potius: se ab omnibus desertos potius quam abs to defensos esse malunt, Cic. Div. in Caecil. 6, 21: an ille Uticae potius, quam Romae, cum alienis esse quam cum suis maluisset? id. Lig. 2, 5; id. Cat. ap. Fam. 15, 5, 2; Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13, A, 3.
            Also by quam: qui magis vere vincere, quam diu imperare malit, Liv. 22, 34 fin.
            Strengthened by multo or haud paulo: meo judicio multo stare malo, quam aliorum, much rather, Cic. Att. 12, 21, 5: haud paulo hunc animum malim quam, etc., id. Tusc. 1, 42, 99.
  2. II. In partic., to be more favorable to one: in hac re malo universae Asiae et negotiatoribus, Cic. Att. 2, 16, 4: quamquam illi omnia malo, quam mihi, i. e. would rather he had them, id. Planc. 24, 59.
    Hence, mālens, entis, P. a., preferring (late Lat.), Hier. in Matt. 2, ad 14, 4; Aug. c. Jul. 4, 14, 68.

1. mălum, i, v. 1. malus, fin. 1.

† 2. mālum, i, n., = μῆλον (Doric μᾶ λον), an apple, i. e. any tree-fruit fleshy on the outside, and having a kernel within (opp. nux); hence, applied also to quinces, pomegranates, peaches, oranges, lemons, etc.

  1. I. In gen., Plin. 15, 14, 14, § 47; Col. 5, 10, 19; Verg. G. 2, 127 al.: malis orbiculatis pasci, Cael. ad Cic. Fam. 8, 15.
    In a pun with mălum, a calamity, Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 89; 91 al.
    Prov.: ab ovo usque ad mala, i. e. from beginning to end (from the Roman custom to begin meals with eggs and end with fruit), Hor. S. 1, 3, 7.
    Trop.: malum discordiae, an apple of discord, Just. 12, 15, 11.
  2. II. Malum terrae, a plant (the Aristolochia), having four varieties, Plin. 25, 8, 54, § 95; Scrib. Comp. 202; also called malum terrenum, Veg. Vet. 4, 13.

1. mălus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. mala, dirt; Gr. μέλας, black; cf. macula; Germ. mal in Mutter-mal, etc.].
Comp.: pējor, pejus.
Sup.: pessimus, a, um, bad, in the widest sense of the word (opp. bonus), evil, wicked, injurious, destructive, mischievous, hurtful; of personal appearance, ill-looking, ugly, deformed; of weight, bad, light; of fate, evil, unlucky, etc.: malus et nequam homo, Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 1: pessima puella, Cat. 36, 9; 55, 10: delituit mala, Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 9: philosophi minime mali illi quidem, sed non satis acuti, Cic. Off. 3, 9, 23: malam opinionem habere de aliquo, id. Verr. 2, 3, 24, § 59: consuetudo, Hor. S. 1, 3, 36: conscientia, Quint. 12, 1, 3: mens, id. ib.: mores, Sall. C. 18: fures, Hor. S. 1, 1, 77: Furiae, id. ib. 2, 3, 135: virus, Verg. G. 1, 129: cicuta, Hor. S. 2, 1, 56: libido, Liv. 1, 57: falx, Verg. E. 3, 11: gramina, id. A. 2, 471: carmen, i. e. an incantation, Leg. XII. Tab. ap. Plin. 28, 2, 4, § 17: abi in malam rem, go and be hanged! Ter. And. 2, 1, 17: pugna, unsuccessful, adverse, Cic. Div. 2, 25, 54; Sall. J. 56: avis, i. e. ill-boding, Hor. C. 1, 15, 5; cf. id. ib. 3, 6, 46: ales, id. Epod. 10, 1: aetas, burdensome, i. e. senectus, Plaut. Aul. 1, 1, 4: haud mala est mulier, not badlooking, id. Bacch. 5, 2, 42: facies, Quint. 6, 3, 32; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 43: crus, i. e. deformed, Hor. S. 1, 2, 102: pondus, i. e. light, deficient, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 156.
Of the sick: in malis aeger est, in great danger, Cels. 3, 15 fin.: tempus a quo omnis aeger pejor fiat, id. 3, 5 med.: eo tempore fere pessimi sunt qui aegrotant, id. ib.
In neutr. sing., as adv.: ne gallina malum responset dura palato, Hor. S. 2, 4, 18.
Comp.: pejor, worse: via, Hor. S. 1, 5, 96.
Hence,

    1. 1. mă-lum, i, n., any thing bad, an evil, mischief, misfortune, calamity, etc.
  1. A. In gen.: orarem, ut ei, quod posses mali facere, faceres, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 25: quam sit bellum, cavere malum, Cic. de Or. 1, 58, 247: nihil enim mali accidisse Scipioni puto, id. Lael. 3, 10: hostes inopinato malo turbati, Caes. B. C. 2, 12: externum, i. e. bellum, Nep. Hamilc. 21: ne in cotidianam id malum vertat, i. e. febris, Cels. 3, 15: hoc malo domitos potius cultores agrorum fore, quam, etc., Liv. 2, 34, 11.
  2. B. In partic.
        1. (α) Punishment; hurt, harm, severity, injury: malo domandam tribuniciam potestatem, Liv. 2, 54, 10: malo exercitum coërcere, Sall. J. 100, 5: sine malo, Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 81; so Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 45; Liv. 4, 49, 11: vi, malo, plagis adductus est, ut frumenti daret, ill-usage, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 23, § 56: amanti amoenitas malo est: nobis lucro est, is hurtful, injurious, Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 5: clementiam illi malo fuisse, was injurious, unfortunate, Cic. Att. 14, 22, 1: malo hercle magno suo convivat sine modo, to his own hurt, Enn. ap. Non. 474, 23 (Sat. v. 1 Vahl.): olet homo quidam malo suo, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 165: male merenti bona es: at malo cum tuo, to your own hurt, id. As. 1, 3, 3.
        2. (β) Wrong-doing: causae, quae numquam malo defuturae sunt, Sen. de Ira, 1, 16, 3: sperans famam exstingui veterum sic posse malorum, Verg. A. 6, 527; Anthol. Lat. 1, 178.
        3. (γ) As a term of abuse, plague, mischief, torment: quid tu, malum, me sequere? Plaut. Cas. 1, 3: qui, malum, alii? Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 10: quae, malum, est ista tanta audacia? Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 20, § 54; so id. Off. 2, 15, 53; Curt. 8, 14, 41.
        4. (δ) As an exclamation, alas! misery! Plaut. Capt. 3, 3, 16; id. Men. 2, 3, 37 Brix ad loc.
    1. 2. măle, adv., badly, ill, wrongly, wickedly, unfortunately, erroneously, improperly, etc.: dubitas, quin lubenter tuo ero meus, quod possiet facere, faciat male? will do all the harm to him, etc., Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 66: si iste Italiam relinquet, faciet omnino male, et, ut ego existimo, ἀλογιστως, will act altogether unwisely, Attic. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 10: di isti Segulio male faciant, do harm to him, punish him, Cic. Fam. 11, 21, 1: o factum male de Alexione! id. Att. 15, 1, 1: male velle alicui, to wish ill, Plaut. As. 5, 1, 13: Karthagini male jamdiu cogitanti bellum multo ante denuntio, cogitare de aliquo, Cic. Sen. 6, 18: male loqui, id. Rosc. Am. 48: male loqui alicui, for maledicere, Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 25: male accipere verbis aliquem, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 54, § 140: equitatu agmen adversariorum, male habere, to harass, annoy, Caes. B. C. 1, 63: hoc male habet virum, annoys, vexes him, Ter. And. 2, 6, 5: male se habere, to feel ill, dejected, low-spirited, id. Eun. 4, 2, 6: male est animo, it vexes me, id. Ad. 4, 5, 21: male est animo, I feel unwell, Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 33: male fit animo, I am beginning to feel bad, am getting unwell, id. Rud. 2, 6, 26: L. Antonio male sit, si quidem, etc., evil betide him! (a formula of imprecation), Cic. Att. 15, 15, 1: quae res tibi vertat male, much harm may it do you! Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 37: male tibi esse malo quam molliter, I would rather you should be unfortunate than effeminate, Sen. Ep. 82, 1: proelium male pugnatum, unsuccessfully, Sall. J. 54, 7: ea quae male empta sunt, at a bad bargain, Cic. Att. 2, 4, 1: male vendere, at a sacrifice, id. Verr. 2, 3, 98, § 227: male reprehendunt praemeditationem rerum futurarum, id. Tusc. 3, 16, 34: male tegere mutationem fortunae, Tac. H. 1, 66: male sustinere arma, unskilfully, Liv. 1, 25, 12: non dubito, quin me male oderit, i. e. very much, intensely, Caes. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 1, 2: male metuo, ne, etc., exceedingly, much, Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 2: rauci, miserably, Hor. S. 1, 4, 66.
      When attached to an adjective, it freq. gives it the opposite meaning: male sanus = insanus, insane, deranged, Cic. Att. 9, 15, 5: male sana, with mind disturbed, Verg. A. 4, 8: gratus, i. e. ungrateful, Ov. H. 7, 27: male fidas provincias, unfaithful, Tac. H. 1, 17: statio male fida carinis, unsafe, Verg. A. 2, 23.
      Comp.: oderam multo pejus hunc quam illum ipsum Clodium, Cic. Fam. 7, 2, 3; cf.: pejusque leto flagitium timet, Hor. C. 4, 9, 50; and: cane pejus vitabit chlamydem, id. Ep. 1, 17, 30.

† 2. mālus, i, f., Gr. μηλέα, an appletree: malus bifera, Varr. R. R. 1, 7: et steriles platani malos gessere valentes, Verg. G. 2, 70: malus granata, the pomegranate, Isid. 17, 7, 6: felices arbores putantur esse quercus … malus, etc., Macr. S. 3, 20, 2.

3. mālus, i, m. [by some referred to root mac-; Gr. μακρος; Lat. magnus; but perh. the same word with 2. malus], an upright mast, pole, or beam.

  1. I. In gen.: malos exaequantes altitudinem jugi surrexit, Front. Strat. 3, 8, 3.
  2. II. Esp.
    1. A. A mast of a ship: ut si qui gubernatorem in navigando agere nihil dicant, cum alii malos scandant, etc., Cic. Sen. 6, 17: malum erigi, vela fieri imperavit, id. Verr. 2, 5, 34, § 88: attolli malos, Verg. A. 5, 829: malo suspendit ab alto, id. ib. 5, 489: saucius, injured, Hor. C. 1, 14, 5.
    2. B. A standard or pole, to which the awnings spread over the theatre were attached, Lucr. 6, 110; Liv. 39, 7, 8.
    3. C. The beam in the middle of a wine-press, Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 317.
    4. D. The corner beams of a tower: turrium mali, Caes. B. G. 7, 22, 4.