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stŭdĭum, ii, n. [studeo], a busying one’s self about or application to a thing; assiduity, zeal, eagerness, fondness, inclination, desire, exertion, endeavor, study: stu dium est animi assidua et vehemens ad aliquam rem applicata magnā cum voluntate occupatio, ut philosophiae, poëticae, geometriae, litterarum, Cic. Inv. 1, 25, 36.
- I. In gen.
- (α) Absol., Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 900 P. (Praecepta, v. 4 Vahl.): tantum studium tamque multam operam in aliquā re ponere, Cic. Fin. 1, 1, 1: aliquid curare studio maximo, Plaut. Stich. 1, 3, 45: aliquem retrahere ab studio, Ter. Phorm. prol. 2; cf. id. ib. 18: studium semper assit, cunctatio absit, Cic. Lael. 13, 44: aliquid summo studio curāque discere, id. Fam. 4, 3, 3; so (with cura, industria, labor, diligentia, etc.) id. ib. 2, 6, 3; 10, 1, 3: alacritate ac studio uti, Caes. B. G. 4, 24: studio incendi, Cic. Rosc. Am. 17, 48; id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 1: suo quisque studio maxime ducitur, id. Fin. 5, 2, 5; cf.: quot capitum vivunt, totidem studiorum Milia, Hor. S. 2, 1, 27; Sall. C. 3, 3: sunt pueritiae certa studia, sunt ineuntis adulescentiae … sunt extrema quaedam studia senectutis, Cic. Sen. 20, 76 et saep.: non studio accusare sed officio defendere, with zeal, from inclination, id. Rosc. Am. 32, 91; cf.: laedere gaudes, et hoc studio pravus facis, Hor. S. 1, 5, 79.
In late Lat. studio often means simply voluntarily, on purpose, intentionally: non studio sed fortuitu, Dig. 40, 5, 13.
- (β) With gen.: studiumque iteris reprime, Att. ap. Non. 485, 8 (Trag. Rel. v. 627 Rib.): in pugnae studio quod dedita mens est, Lucr. 3, 647: Carthaginienses ad studium fallendi studio quaestus vocabantur, Cic. Agr. 2, 35, 95: efferor studio patres vestros videndi, id. Sen. 23, 83: quid ego de studiis dicam cognoscendi semper aliquid atque discendi? id. Lael. 27, 104; so, discendi, id. Rep. 1, 8, 13; 1, 22, 36 al.: doctrinae, id. Rosc. Am. 16, 46; id. Balb. 1, 3: dicendi, id. de Or. 2, 1, 1: scribendi, id. Arch. 3, 4: nandi, Tac. H. 4, 12: scribendi, Plin. Ep. 1, 13, 5: vitae studium, way of life, Afran. ap. Non. 498, 15: studium armorum a manibus ad oculos translatum, Plin. Pan. 13, 5.
- (γ) With ad (usu. to avoid multiplying genitives): ea res studia hominum adcendit ad consulatum mandandum Ciceroni, Sall. C. 23, 5: studium ad frugalitatem multitudines provocavit, Just. 20, 4, 7.
- II. In partic.
- A. Zeal for any one; good-will, affection, attachment, devotion, favor, kindness, etc. (cf.: officium, favor): tibi profiteor atque polliceor eximium et singulare meum studium in omni genere officii, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 4: studium et favor, id. Rosc. Com. 10, 29; Suet. Vit. 15: studio ac suffragio suo viam sibi ad beneficium impetrandum munire, Cic. Agr. 2, 7, 17: Pompeius significat studium erga me non mediocre, id. Att. 2, 19, 4: suum infelix erga populum Romanum studium, Liv. 3, 56, 9; cf.: omne suum erga meam dignitatem studium, Cic. Dom. 56, 142: studium in aliquem habere, id. Inv. 2, 34, 104: Gaditani ab omni studio sensuque Poenorum mentes suas ad nostrum imperium nomenque flexerunt, id. Balb. 17, 39: studium suum in rempublicam, Sall. C. 49, 5: studium in populum Romanum, Tac. A. 4, 55: studiis odiisque carens, Luc. 2, 377: putabatur et Marius studia volgi amissurus, Sall. J. 84, 3: aliquid studio partium facere, party spirit, partisanship, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 13, § 35: for which simply studium: quo minus cupiditatis ac studii visa est oratio habere, eo plus auctoritatis habuit, Liv. 24, 28: senatus, in quo ipso erant studia, party efforts, Tac. A. 14, 42: ultio senatum in studia diduxerat, id. H. 4, 6.
- B. Application to learning or studying, study; in the plur., studies (very freq.; also in Cic.; cf.: studeo and studiosus): pabulum studii atque doctrinae, Cic. Sen. 14, 49: (eum) non solum naturā et moribus, verum etiam studio et doctrinā esse sapientem, id. Lael. 2, 6: semper mihi et doctrina et eruditi homines et tua ista studia placuerunt, id. Rep. 1, 17, 29: studia exercere, id. Fam. 9, 8, 2: studia Graecorum, id. Rep. 1, 18, 30: illum se et hominibus Pythagoreis et studiis illis dedisse, id. ib. 1, 10, 16: relinque te studiis, Plin. Ep. 1, 9, 7: studia ad voluptatem exercere, id. ib. 6, 8, 6: famam ex studiis petere, id. ib. 6, 11, 3; Tac. A. 16, 4; Sen. Cons. ad Polyb. 18 (36), 1: studia graviora iracundis omittenda sunt, id. Ira, 3, 9, 1; cf.: studiis annos septem dedit, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 82: si non Intendes animum studiis, id. ib. 1, 2, 36: o seri studiorum! i. e. ὀψιμαθεῖς, id. S. 1, 10, 21.
Hence,
- 2. Transf.
- (α) The fruits of study, works (post-class.): flagitante vulgo ut omnia sua studia publicaret, Tac. A. 16, 4.
- (β) A place for study, a study, school (late Lat.): philosophum (se egit) in omnibus studiis, templis, locis, Capitol. M. Aurel. 26; Cod. Th. 14, 9, 3.