Lewis & Short

1. cēnseo (on the long e, v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, p. 257 sq.), ui, cēnsum (late Lat. censitum, Cod. Just. 11, 47 tit.; 11, 49 tit.; 11, 47, 4 al.; but not in Monum. Ancyr.; cf. Neue, Formenl. 2, 557), 2, v. a. [etym. dub.; often referred to root cas-, whence carmen, camoenus; but prob. from centum, orig. centere, to hundred or number the people; cf. Fischer, Gram. 1, p. 373].

  1. I. To tax, assess, rate, estimate.
    1. A. In reference to the census (v. census).
      1. 1. Of the censor (v. censor).
          1. (α) Rarely act. with acc. of the persons or objects assessed or rated; but usu. pass., with subj. -nom.: censores populi aevitates, suboles, familias, pecuniasque censento, Cic. Leg. 3, 3, 7: census quom sum, juratori recte rationem dedi, Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 30: censor ad quojus censionem, id est arbitrium, populus censeretur, Varr. L. L. 5, § 81 Müll.: census … indicat eum qui sit census se jam tum gessisse pro cive, Cic. Arch. 5, 11: absentīs censere jubere, P. Scipio ap. Gell. 5, 19, 16: ne absens censeare. Cic. Att. 1, 18, 8: sub lustrum censeri, id. ib.: milia octoginta eo lustro civium censa dicuntur, Liv. 1, 44, 2: censa civium capita centum septendecim milia trecenta undeviginti, id. 3, 24, 10; id. Epit. lib. 11; 13; 14: censebantur ejus aetatis lustrīs ducena quinquagena milia capitum, id. 9, 19, 2: cum capitum liberorum censa essent CLII. milia, Plin. 33, 1, 5, § 16: quid se vivere, quid in parte civium censeri, si … id obtinere universi non possint? Liv 7, 18, 5.
          2. (β) With the amount at which the property was rated, in the acc.: or abl.: praesertim census equestrem Summam nummorum, being assessed with the estate necessary to a Roman knight, Hor. A. P. 383: primae classis homines quicentum et viginti quinque milia aeris ampliusve censi erant … Ceterarumque omnium classium qui minore summa aeris censebantur, Gell. 7 (6), 13, 1 sq.
            Hence, capite censi, those who were assessed ac cording to their ability to labor: qui nullo aut perquam parvo aere censebantur capite censi vocabantur. Extremus autem census capite censorum aeris fuit trecentis septuaginta quinque, Jul. Paul. ap. Gell. 16, 10, 10; Sall. J. 86, 2; Gell. 16, 10, 11; 16, 10, 14; Val. Max. 2, 3, 1; 7, 6, 1; and in the finite verb: omnia illius (i. e. sapientis) esse dicimus, cum … capite censebitur, Sen. Ben. 7, 8, 1.
          3. (γ) Absol. in gerund.: censendi, censendo, ad censendum = census agendi, censui agendo, etc.: haec frequentia quae convenit ludorum censendique causā (i.e. census agendi causā, for the sake of the census), Cic. Verr. 1, 18, 54: mentio inlata apud senatum est, rem operosam … suo proprio magistratu egere … cui arbitrium formulae censendi subiceretur, the scheme for taking the census, Liv. 4, 8, 4: quia is censendo finis factus est, id. 1, 44, 2: civīs Romanos ad censendum ex provinciis in Italiam revocarunt, Vell. 2, 15: aetatem in censendo significare necesse est … aetas autem spectatur censendi tempore, Dig. 50, 15, 3.
          4. (δ) Censum censere = censum agere, only in the gerundial dat.: illud quaero, sintne illa praedia censui censendo, habeant jus civile, are they subject to the census, Cic. Fl. 32, 80: censores … edixerunt, legem censui censendo dicturos esse ut, etc., that he would add a rule for the taking of the census, according to which, etc., Liv. 43, 14, 5: censui censendo agri proprie appellantur qui et emi et venire jure civili possunt, Paul. ex Fest. p. 58, 5 Müll.
      2. 2. Of the assessment of the provinces under provincial officers (censores, and, under the later emperors, censitores).
          1. (α) Pass., with the territory as subject-nom.: quinto quoque anno Sicilia tota censetur; erat censa praetore Paeducaeo … quintus annus cum in te praetorem incidisset, censa denuo est, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 56, § 139: omne territorium censeatur quoties, etc., Cod. Just. 11, 58 (57), 4.
          2. (β) The persons assessed as subject: ubi (coloni) censiti atque educati natique sunt, Cod. Just. 11, 48 (47), 6: quos in locis eisdem censitos esse constabit, ib. 11, 48 (47), 4.
            With part. as attribute: rusticos censitosque servos vendi, Cod. Just. 11, 48 (47), 7.
          3. (γ) To determine by the census: cum antea per singulos viros, per binas vero mulieres capitis norma sit censa, Cod. Just. 11, 48 (47), 10: nisi forte privilegio aliquo materna origo censeatur, Dig. 50, 1, 1, § 2.
          4. (δ) Act. with acc.: vos terras vestras levari censitione vultis, ego vero etiam aërem vestrum censere vellem, Spart. Pescen. Nig. 7.
      3. 3. Of the person assessed, to value, make a statement of one’s property in the census.
          1. (α) Act. with acc.: in quā tribu ista praedia censuisti? Cic. Fl. 32, 80.
          2. (β) Censeri, as dep. with acc.: census es praeterea numeratae pecuniae CXXX. Census es mancipia Amyntae … Cum te audisset servos suos esse censum, constabat inter omnes, si aliena censendo Decianus sua facere posset, etc., Cic. Fl. 32, 80; cf. Ov. P. 1, 2, 140; v. B. 2. c.
      4. 4. Hence, subst.: cēnsum, i, n.: quorum luxuries fortunata censa peperit, i.e. high estimates of property in the census, Cic. ap. Non. 202, 23 (Fragm. vol. xi. p. 134 B. and K.).
    2. B. Transf., of things and persons in gen., to value, estimate, rate.
      1. 1. By a figure directly referring to the Roman census: aequo mendicus atque ille opulentissimus Censetur censu ad Acheruntem mortuus, will be rated by an equal census, i.e. in the same class, without considering their property, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 93: vos qui potestis ope vostrā censerier, referring to a part of the audience, you, who may be rated according to your intelligence, analog. to capite censi (v. I. A. 1. β), id. Capt. prol. 15: nam argumentum hoc hic censebitur, will be rated, its census-class will be determined here, id. Poen. prol. 56: id in quoque optimum esse debet cui nascitur, quo censetur, according to which he is rated, i.e. his worth is determined, Sen. Ep. 76, 8.
        And with two acc.: quintus Phosphorus, Junonia, immo Veneris stella censetur, is ranked as the fifth, App. de Mundo, p. 710.
      2. 2. With direct reference to the census.
        1. a. = aestimo, to estimate, weigh, value, appreciate.
          1. (α) With gen. of price: dic ergo quanti censes? Plaut. Rud. 4, 8, 8.
          2. (β) In the pass.: si censenda nobis atque aestimanda res sit, utrum tandem pluris aestimemus pecuniam Pyrrhi? etc., if we have to weigh and estimate a thing, etc., Cic. Par. 6, 2, 48: anule … In quo censendum nil nisi dantis amor, Ov. Am. 2, 15, 2: interim autem facta sola censenda dicit atque in judicium vocanda, Gell. 7 (6), 3, 47.
        2. b. = honorari, celebrari, with de aliquo, = for the sake of somebody (in Ovid): pro quibus ut maneat, de quo censeris, amicus, Comprecor, etc., the friend for the sake of whom you are celebrated, who is the cause of your renown, Ov. P. 2, 5, 73: hoc domui debes de quā censeris, id. ib. 3, 1, 75.
        3. c. Censeri, dep., = to distinguish, with acc. only once or twice in Ovid (v. I. A. 3. β): hanc semper … Est inter comites Marcia censa suas, has always distinguished her, Ov. P. 1, 2, 140.
        4. d. Censeri aliquā re.
          1. (α) = to be appreciated, distinguished, celebrated for some quality, as if the quality were a standard determining the census, analog. to capite censeri (v. I. A. 1. β), very freq. in post-class. writings: Democritus cum divitiis censeri posset, when he might have been celebrated for his wealth, Val. Max. 8, 7, ext. 4: Aristides quo totius Graeciae justitia censetur (quo = cujus justitiā), id. 5, 3, ext. 3 med.: te custode matronalis stola censetur ( = tuā, i.e. pudicitiae, custodiā), the stola, etc., is appreciated for thy custody, id. 6, 1 prooem.: unā adhuc victoriā Carius Metius censebatur, Tac. Agr. 45: ut ipsi quoque qui egerunt non aliis magis orationibus censeantur, id. Dial. 39 fin.: non vitibus tantum censeri Chium, sed et operibus Anthermi filiorum, is celebrated not only for its grapes, but, etc., Plin. 36, 5, 2, § 12: et Galliae censentur hoc reditu, id. 19, 1, 2, § 7: quisquis paulo vetustior miles, hic te commilitone censetur, is distinguished for the fact that you were his fellow-soldier, Plin. Pan. 15 fin.: multiplici variāque doctrinā censebatur, Suet. Gram. 10: felix quae tali censetur munere tellus, Mart. 9, 16, 5: censetur Apona Livio suo tellus, = for the fact that Livy was born there, id. 1, 61, 3: hi duo longaevo censentur Nestore fundi, for the fact that Nestor used them, id. 8, 6, 9: nec laude virorum censeri contenta fuit (Iberia), Claud. Laud. Seren. 67: libri mei non aliā laude carius censentur, quam quod judicio vestro comprobantur, App. Flor. 4, 18, 3.
            Hence,
          2. (β) = to be known by something (Appuleian): hoc nomine censebatur jam meus dominus, App. M. 8, p. 171: nomen quo tu censeris aiebat, id. ib. 5, p. 106: pro studio bibendi quo solo censetur, either known by, or distinguished for, id. Mag. p. 499: globorum caelestium supremum esse eum qui inerrabili meatu censetur, which is known by its unerring course, id. Phil. Nat. 1, p. 582.
            And,
          3. (γ) As gram. t. t., to be marked by some peculiarity, according to which a word is classified: neque de armis et moeniis infitias eo quin figurā multitudinis perpetuā censeantur, that they are marked by the form of constant plurality, i. e. that they are pluralia tantum, Gell. 19, 8, 5; 10, 20, 8; 19, 13, 3.
  2. II. Of transactions in and by the Senate, to judge (in the meanings II. and III. the passive voice is not in class. use, while in I. the passive voice is by far the most freq.).
    1. A. To be of opinion, to propose, to vote, to move, referring to the votes of the senators when asked for their opinions (sententiam dicere).
      1. 1. With a (passive) inf.-clause, denoting what should be decreed by the Senate (esse usu. omitted): rex his ferme verbis patres consulebat … Dic, inquit ei, quid censes? tum ille Puro pioque duello quaerendas (res) censeo, I am of the opinion (I move, propose) that satisfaction should be sought, etc., ancient formula ap. Liv. 1, 32, 11 sq.: primum igitur acta Caesaris servanda censeo, Cic. Phil. 1, 7, 16: hoc autem tempore ita censeo decernendum, id. ib. 5, 17, 45; 5, 6, 16; 5, 12, 31; 5, 12, 34; 5, 13, 36; 5, 14, 38; 5, 19, 53; 6, 1, 2; 9, 6, 14; 11, 15, 40; 12, 7, 17; 14, 1, 1; 14, 13, 35; cf. Regulus’s advice in the Senate, being represented as a vote: captivos in senatu reddendos non censuit, Cic. Off. 1, 13, 39; 3, 31, 111: quare ita ego censeo … de confessis more majorum supplicium sumendum, Sall. C. 52, 36; 51, 8; 52, 14: Appius imperio consulari rem agendam censebat, Liv. 2, 23, 15: ut multi (senatores) delendam urbem censerent, id. 9, 26, 3; 2, 29, 7; 3, 40, 13; 10, 12, 1; 34, 4, 20; 38, 54, 6: cum ejus diei senatus consulta aureis litteris figenda in curiā censuisset, Tac. A. 3, 57: ut nonnulli dedendum eum hostibus censuerint, Suet. Caes. 24; so id. ib. 14; id. Aug. 100; id. Tib. 4; id. Calig. 60; id. Claud. 26; id. Ner. 2; id. Vesp. 2. Of the emperor’s vote in the Senate: commutandam censuit vocem, et pro peregrinā nostratem requirendam, Suet. Tib. 71; so id. ib. 34; id. Aug. 55.
        And with the copula expressed (very rare): qui censet eos … morte esse multandos, Cic. Cat. 4, 4, 7.
        Sometimes referring to sententia as subject: sententia quae censebat reddenda bona (inst. of eorum qui censebant), Liv. 2, 4, 3.
        Sometimes with oportere for the gerundial predic. inf.: quibusdam censentibus (eum) Romulum appellari oportere, Suet. Aug. 7.
        With pres. inf., inst. of a gerundial: hac coronā civicā L. Gellius in senatu Ciceronem consulem donari a re publicā censuit, Gell. 5, 6, 15 (cf. II. B. 1. b.).
        If the opinion of the senator does not refer to the chief question, but to incidental points, the predic. inf. may have any form: eas leges quas M. Antonius tulisse dicitur omnes censeo per vim et contra auspicia latas, eisque legibus populum non teneri, Cic. Phil. 5, 4, 10: cum magna pars senatus … cum tyrannis bellum gerendum fuisse censerent … et urbem recipi, non capi, etc., Liv. 26, 32, 2.
      2. 2. With ut, and negatively, ut ne or ne, generally when the clause has an active predicate, but also with passives instead of the gerundial inf.-clause: de eā re ita censeo uti consules designati dent operam uti senatus Kal. Jan. tuto haberi possit, Cic. Phil. 3, 15, 37: censeo ut iis qui in exercitu Antonii sunt, ne sit ea res fraudi, si, etc., id. ib. 5, 12, 34: censebant omnes fere (senatores) ut in Italiā supplementum meis et Bibuli legionibus scriberetur, id. Fam. 3, 3, 1: Cn. Pompeius (in senatu) dixit, sese … censere ut ad senatūs auctoritatem populi quoque Romani beneficium erga me adjungeretur, id. Sest. 34, 74: quas ob res ita censeo: eorum qui cum M. Antonio sunt, etc. … iis fraudi ne sit quod cum M. Antonio fuerint, id. Phil. 8, 11, 33: Calidius, qui censebat ut Pompeius in suas provincias proficisceretur, Caes. B. C. 1, 2: censuerunt quidam (senatores) ut Pannonicus, alii ut Invictus cognominaretur, Suet. Tib. 17: iterum censente ut Trebianis … concederetur (of the emperor’s vote in the Senate), id. ib. 31.
        And an inf.-clause, with neu or ut: sed ita censeo: publicandas eorum pecunias, etc.: neu quis postea de his ad senatum referat, etc., Sall. C. 51, 43: qui partem bonorum publicandam, pars ut liberis relinqueretur, censuerat, Tac. A. 4, 20.
      3. 3. With a subj.-clause, without ut (rare in this connection; v. III. C. 3.): K. Fabius censuit … occuparent patres ipsi suum munus facere, captivum agrum plebi quam maxime aequaliter darent, Liv. 2, 48, 2.
        And ironically with regard to incidental points: vereamini censeo ne … nimis aliquid severe statuisse videamini, I propose you should be afraid of having decreed too severe a punishment = of course, you will not be afraid, etc., Cic. Cat. 4, 6, 13: misereamini censeo—deliquere homines adulescentuli per ambitionem—atque etiam armatos dimittatis, I propose that you pity them, etc., or I advise you to be merciful, Sall. C. 52, 26.
      4. 4. Ellipt., with a gerundial clause understood: dic quid censes (i. e. decernendum), Liv. 1, 32, 11: quod ego meā sententiā censebam (i.e. decernendum), Cato ap. Cic. Fam. 15, 5, 2: senati decretum fit, sicut ille censuerat, Sall. C. 53, 1: quas ob res ita censeo … senatui placere, etc. ( = ita decernendum censeo, etc.), Cic. Phil. 9, 7, 15, § 17 sq.; 10, 11, 25 sq.; 11, 12, 29 sq.; 14, 14, 36 sq.
      5. 5. = sententiam dicere, to tell, to express one’s opinion in the Senate (post-class.).
          1. (α) Absol.: Priscus Helvidius .. contra studium ejus (sc. Vitellii) censuerat, had voted, or had expressed an opinion against his wishes, Tac. H. 2, 91: cum parum sit, in senatu breviter censere, nisi, etc., id. Dial. 36 fin.: sententias … prout libuisset perrogabat … ac si censendum magis quam adsentiendum esset, Suet. Aug. 35: igitur Cn. Piso, quo, inquit, loco censebis, Caesar? si primus, etc., Tac. A. 1, 74.
          2. (β) With adjectives in the neuter, substantively used: nec quoquam reperto (in senatu) qui … referre aut censere aliquid auderet, who dared to express an opinion on any thing, Suet. Caes. 20: per dissensionem diversa censentium, of the senators who expressed different opinions, id. Claud. 10.
          3. (γ) With interrog. or rel.-clause: deinde ageret senatorem et censeret quid corrigi aut mutari vellet, Tac. A. 16, 28: cum censeat aliquis (in senatu) quod ex parte mihi placeat, Sen. Ep. 21, 9.
    2. B. Of the decrees or resolutions of the Senate, = decernere, placere, to resolve, decree.
      1. 1. With inf.-clause.
        1. a. With gerund, without copula (v. II. A. 1.): eum, cujus supplicio senatus sollennes religiones expiandas saepe censuit, Cic. Mil. 27, 73: eos senatus non censuit redimendos, id. Off. 3, 32, 114; so id. N. D. 2, 4, 10; id. Verr. 2, 3, 6, § 15: senatus Caelium ab republicā removendum censuit, Caes. B. C. 3, 21: senatus censuit frequens coloniam Labicos deducendam, Liv. 4, 47, 6; 5, 24, 4: cum bello persequendos Tusculanos patres censuissent, id. 6, 25, 5; 3, 42, 6; 3, 49, 8; 7, 19, 7 et saep.
        2. b. With pres. inf. pass. or act., with the force of a gerundial: de bonis regiis quae reddi antea censuerant ( = reddenda), Liv. 2, 5, 1: munera mitti legatis ex binis milibus aeris censuerunt (i.e. patres), id. 43, 5, 8; so id. 45, 44, 15 (v. 2. b.): eundem jus dicere Romae … patres censuerant, id. 45, 12, 13: cum senatus unum consulem, nominatimque Gnaeum Pompeium fieri censuisset, Suet. Caes. 26.
          With both act. and pass. inf.: censuere patres, duas provincias Hispaniam rursus fieri … et Macedoniam Illyricumque eosdem … obtinere, Liv. 45, 16, 1.
          With both pres. pass. and gerund. inff.: haec ita movere senatum, ut non expectanda comitia consuli censerent, sed dictatorem … dici, Liv. 27, 5, 14.
          And with velle: senatus verbis nuntient, velle et censere eos ab armis discedere, etc., Sall. J. 21, 4.
      2. 2. With ut or ne.
        1. a. In the words of the Senate, according to formula: quod L. Opimius verba fecit de re publicā, de eā re ita censuerunt uti L. Opimius consul rem publicam defenderet, etc., ancient S. C. ap. Cic. Phil. 8, 4, 14: quod, etc., de eā re ita censuerunt ut M. Pomponius praetor animadverteret curaretque ut si, etc., S. C. ap. Suet. Rhet. 1; Gell. 15, 4, 1.
          And with gerundial inf.-clause: quod C. Julius pontifex … de eā re ita censuerunt, uti M. Antonius consul hostiis majoribus … procuraret … Ibus uti procurasset satis habendum censuerunt, S. C. ap. Gell. 4, 6, 2.
        2. b. As related by the historians, etc.: quoniam senatus censuisset, uti quicunque Galliam provinciam obtineret … Aeduos defenderet, Caes. B. G. 1, 35: patres censuerunt uti consules provincias inter se compararent, Liv. 30, 40, 12: senatus censuit ut domus ei … publicā impensā restitueretur, Suet. Claud. 6; so with reference to the civil law, Dig. 49, 14, 15 quater.
          With ne: senatum censuisse, ne quis illo anno genitus educaretur, Suet. Aug. 94.
          And with inf -clause: filio regis Nicomedi ex eā summā munera dari censuerunt, et ut victimae … praeberentur, Liv. 45, 44, 15.
      3. 3. With a subj.-clause (very rare): senatus consulto quo censeretur, darent operam consules, etc., Aur. Vict. Vir. Ill. 73, 10.
      4. 4. With neutr. acc. pron. in place of a clause: cum vero id senatus frequens censuisset (sc. faciendum), Cic. Pis. 8, 18: ite in suffragium, et quae patres censuerunt vos jubete, Liv. 31, 7, 14: quodcunque vos censueritis, id. 34, 7, 15: quodpatres censuissent, id. 28, 45, 2.
      5. 5. With accusative of a noun, or a noun as passive subject, to decree or vote a thing (postclass.): nec tamen repertum nisi ut effigies principum, aras deum, templa et arcus aliaque solita … censuere, Tac. A. 3, 57: aram Clementiae, aram Amicitiae, effigiesque … censuere, id. ib. 4, 74: cum censeretur clipeus auro et magnitudine insignis inter auctores eloquentiae (to be placed among, etc.), id. ib. 2, 83.
      6. 6. With both acc. and dat.
          1. (α) The dat. = against: bellum Samnitibus et patres censuerunt et populus jussit, Liv. 10, 12, 3.
          2. (β) The dat. = in behalf of: censentur Ostorio triumphi insignia, Tac. A. 12, 38.
            And with ut: sententiis eorum qui supplicationes et … vestem Principi triumphalem, utque ovans urbem iniret, effigiesque ejus … censuere, id. ib. 13, 8.
  3. III. Transf.
    1. A. Of the opinions and resolutions of other deliberating bodies, or of their members, to resolve, or to be of opinion.
      1. 1. With inf.-clause.
        1. a. Gerundial: erant qui censerent de tertiā vigiliā in castra Cornelia recedendum (council of war), Caes. B. C. 2, 30: erant sententiae quae conandum omnibus modis castraque Vari oppugnanda censerent, id. ib.; so id. ib. 2, 31; id. B. G. 2, 31 fin.; 7, 21; 7, 77: pontifices, consules, patres conscripti mihi … pecuniā publicā aedificandam domum censuerunt, Cic. Pis. 22, 52: nunc surgendum censeo, I move we adjourn (in a literary meeting), id. de Or. 2, 90, 367: cum … pontifices solvendum religione populum censerent, Liv. 5, 23, 9: nunc has ruinas relinquendas non censerem (in an assembly of the people), id. 5, 53, 3: ego ita censeo, legatos extemplo Romam mittendos (in the Carthaginian Senate), id. 21, 10, 13: ante omnia Philippum et Macedonas in societatem belli … censeo deducendos esse (Hannibal in a council of war), id. 36, 7, 3; 5, 36, 8; Curt. 10, 6, 22; 10, 8, 12: cum septem judices cognovissent, duo censuerunt, reum exilio multandum, duo alii pecuniā, tres reliqui capite puniendum, Gell. 9, 15, 7.
          And with oportere inst. of a gerundial clause (referring to duty): neque sine gravi causā eum locum quem ceperant, dimitti censuerant oportere, Caes. B. C. 1, 44.
          With opus esse ( = expediency): Parmenio furto, non proelio opus esse censebat, Curt. 10, 8, 12.
        2. b. With ordinary pres. inf.
          1. (α) In place of a gerundial: Antenor censet belli praecidere = praecidendam causam (in a council of war), Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 9.
          2. (β) Denoting opinion about an existing state: Hasdrubal ultimam Hispaniae oram … ignaram adhuc Romanorum esse, eoque Carthaginiensibus satis fidam censebat, Liv. 27, 20, 6: Parmenio non alium locum proelio aptiorem esse censebat, Curt. 3, 7, 8.
      2. 2. With ut or ne: censeo ut satis diu te putes requiesse et iter reliquum conficere pergas (in a literary meeting), Cic. de Or. 2, 71, 290: plerique censebant ut noctu iter facerent (council of war), Caes. B. C. 1, 67: et nunc magnopere censere, ut unam anum … triginta milibus talentum auri permutet (council of war), Curt. 4, 11, 12: censeout D. Claudius ex hac die deus fiat (council of the gods), Sen. Lud. Mort. Claud. 9, 5: antiquos audio censuisse, ne (praenomina) cui ejusdem gentis patricio inderentur, resolved (family council), Gell. 9, 2, 11 (cf. Liv. 6, 20, 14).
      3. 3. With subj.-clause: nunc quoque arcessas censeo omnes navalís terrestrīsque copias (Hannibal in council of war), Liv. 36, 7, 17: censeo relinquamus nebulonem hunc, eamus hinc protinus Jovi Optimo Maximo gratulatum (assembly of the people), Scipio Afric. ap. Gell. 4, 18, 3.
      4. 4. With acc. neutr. of a pron. or adj. substantively used: ego pro sententiā meā hoc censeo: quandoquidem, etc., Sen. Lud. Mort. Claud. 11, 4: nec dubitavere quin vera censeret, that his opinion was correct, Curt. 10, 6, 18.
      5. 5. Ellipt.: sententiis quarum pars deditionem, pars eruptionem censebat (i.e. faciendam), Caes. B. G. 7, 77 init.: ita uti censuerant Italici deditionem facit, Sall. J. 26, 2; so Caes. B. G. 7, 75.
    2. B. Of the orders of persons in authority (cf. II. B.).
      1. 1. Of commanders, etc., by courtesy, inst. of velle, imperare, or a direct imperative sentence.
          1. (α) With gerundial inf.-clause: non tam imperavi quam censui sumptus legatis quam maxime ad legem Corneliam decernendos, I said, not strictly as an order, but as an opinion that, etc. (Cicero as proconsul), Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 6.
          2. (β) With subj.-clause: arma quae ad me missuri eratis, iis censeo armetis milites quos vobiscum habetis, you had better, etc., Pomp. ap. Cic. Att. 8, 12, A, 4.
      2. 2. Of an order by the people (rare; gen. populus jubet): ita id (foedus) ratum fore si populus censuisset (i. e. confirmandum esse), Liv. 21, 19, 3.
      3. 3. Of the later emperors, in their ordinances (censemus = placet nobis, sancimus, imperamus, from the custom of the earlier emperors, who conveyed their commands in the form of an opinion in the senate; v. II. A. 1.).
        With inf.clause, ut, ne, and subj.-clause: sex mensium spatium censemus debere servari, Cod. Just. 11, 48 (47), 7: censemus ut, etc., ib. 12, 37 (38), 13: censemus ne, etc., ib. 12, 44 (45), 1: censemus vindicet, remaneat, ib. 11, 48 (47), 23: in commune jubes si quid censesve tenendum, Primus jussa subi, Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 296.
    3. C. Of advice, given by one person to another (further development of III. A.).
      1. 1. Ante-class. formula: faciundum censeo = I advise, with ut-clause, with quid, sic, etc.: censeo faciundum ut quadringentos aliquos milites ad verrucam illam ire jubeas, etc., I advise you to order, etc., Cato ap. Gell. 3, 7, 6: ego Tiresiam … consulam, Quid faciundum censeat, consult Tiresias as to what he advises, for his advice, Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 80: consulam hanc rem amicos quid faciundum censeant, id. Men. 4, 3, 26; id. Most. 3, 1, 23: sic faciundum censeo: Da isti cistellam, etc., id. Cist. 4, 2, 104: ego sic faciundum censeo: me honestiu’st Quam te, etc., id. As. 4, 2, 11; id. Ep. 2, 2, 91: sane faciundum censeo, id. Stich. 4, 2, 38.
      2. 2. With ordinary gerundial inf.-clauses: narrandum ego istuc militi censebo, I advise you to let the soldier know that, Plaut. Mil. 2, 4, 42: exorando sumendam operam censeo, id. Stich. 1, 2, 22: quid nunc consili captandum censes? id. As. 2, 2, 91; id. Mil. 5, 25; id. Most. 1, 3, 115: idem tibi censeo faciendum, Cic. Off. 10, 1, 3: quos quidem tibi studiose et diligenter tractandos magno opere censeo, id. Fin. 4, 28, 79; id. Fam. 12, 28, 2.
        Sometimes by aequum censere with an inf.-clause (in the comic poets): amicos consulam quo me modo Suspendere aequom censeant potissumum, Plaut. Poen. 3, 5, 50: qui homo cum animo … depugnat suo, Utrum ita se esse mavelit ut eum animus aequom censeat, An ita potius ut parentes … velint i. e. as his mind prompts him, id. Trin. 2, 2, 29; cf. E. 1. b. 8.
      3. 3. With a subj.clause (so esp. with censeo in 1st pers.): censen’ hominem interrogem? do you advise me to ask the man? etc., Plaut. Poen. 3, 4, 20: tu, si videbitur, ita censeo facias ut … supersedeas hoc labore itineris (cf.: faciundum censeo ut, 1. supra), Cic. Fam. 4, 2, 4: immo plane, inquam, Brute, legas (Gracchum) censeo, id. Brut. 33, 125: tu, si forte quid erit molestiae te ad Crassum et Calidium conferas censeo, id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 7: tu, censeo, tamen adhibeas Vettium, id. Att. 2, 4, 7: quae disputari de amicitiā possunt, ab iis censeo petatis qui ista profitentur, id. Lael. 5, 17: tu, censeo, Luceriam venias: nusquam eris tutius, Pomp. ap. Cic. Att. 8, 1, 1; 8, 11, A: censeo Viā Appiā iter facias, et celeriter Brundusium venias, id. ib. 8, 11, C: ad Caesarem mittas censeo, et ab eo hoc petas, Anton. ib. 10, 10, 2: sed hos tamen numeros censeo videas ὁδοῦ πάρεργον, Gell. 17, 20, 5: quam scit uterque, libens censebo exerceat artem, Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 44 (cf. Liv. 36, 7, 17, and Gell. 4, 18, 3, quoted III. A. 3.).
        Of an advice given to an adversary, with irony: cetera si qua putes te occultius facere posse … magnopere censeo desistas, I strongly advise you to give up that idea, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 68, § 174: sed tu, Acci, consideres censeo diligenter, utrum censorum judicium grave esse velis an Egnatii, id. Clu. 48, 135: postulant ut excipiantur haec inexplicabilia. Tribunum censeant: aliquem adeant: a me … numquam impetrabunt, id. Ac. 2, 30, 97: ibi quaeratis socios censeo, ubi Saguntina clades ignota est, Liv. 21, 19, 10: solvas censeo, Sexte, creditori, Mart. 2, 13, 2.
        And in jest: Treviros vites censeo, audio capitalīs esse, Cic. Fam. 7, 13, 2: hi Plebei fuerunt, quos contemnas censeo … quā re ad patres censeo revertare, id. ib. 9, 21, 3: vites censeo porticum Philippi: si te viderit Hercules, peristi, Mart. 5, 49, 13; so id. ib. 11, 99, 8; 12, 61, 7.
        For ironical senatorial advice, by which the contrary is meant, v. Cic. Cat. 4, 6, 13; Sall. C. 52, 26, quoted II. A. 3.
      4. 4. With an ut-clause (with monere; very rare): illud tamen vel tu me monuisse vel censuisse puta … ut tu quoque animum inducas, etc., Cic. Fam. 4, 8, 2.
      5. 5. With a clause understood: quo me vortam nescio: Pa. Si deos salutas, dextrovorsum censeo (i.e. id facias or faciundum censeo), Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 70: quo redeam? Pe. Equidem ad phrygionem censeo (i. e. redeas), id. Men. 4, 2, 53: quid nunc censes, Chrysale? (i. e. faciundum), id. Bacch. 4, 8, 112: ita faciam ut frater censuit, Ter. Phorm. 5, 2, 11: tibi igitur hoc censeo (i. e. faciendum): latendum tantisper ibidem, etc., Cic. Fam. 9, 2, 4: tu potes Kalendis spectare gladiatores, et ita censeo, id. ib. 16, 20: quid censes igitur? Ecquidnam est tui consilii ad? etc., id. Att. 9, 12, 4: quid igitur censet (sapientia)? What is wisdom’s advice? id. Phil. 13, 3, 6: scribi quid placeat, quid censeas, id. Att. 9, 19,4: ibitur igitur, et ita quidem ut censes, id. ib. 10, 15, 3: disce, docendus adhuc, quae censet amiculus, Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 3.
    4. D. Of opinions and views on general questions, to be of opinion, think, believe, hold (cf.: statuo, existimo, puto, aio, dico; freq. in class. prose; very rare in post-class. writers except Gellius; never with ut, ne, or subj.-clause).
      1. 1. With inf.-clause: Plato mundum esse factum censet a deo sempiternum, Cic. Ac. 2, 37, 118: Cyrenaici non omni malo aegritudinem effici censent, sed insperato, id. Tusc. 3, 13, 28: (Hieronymus) censet summum bonum esse sine ullā molestiā vivere, id. Fin. 2, 5, 16: Aristoteles eos qui valetudinis causā furerent, censebat habere aliquid in animis praesagiens, id. Div. 1, 38, 81: Pythagoras censuit animum esse per naturam rerum omnem intentum et commeantem, id. ib. 1, 11, 27; so id. Ac. 1, 11, 40; 2, 42, 131; id. Fin. 1, 6, 20; 3, 15, 49; 3, 19, 64; 3, 21, 70; 4, 7, 17; 5, 7, 17; id. N. D. 1, 2, 3; 1, 2, 4; 1, 12, 29; 1, 13, 35 and 37; 1, 43, 120; 1, 44, 121; 2, 22, 57; 2, 16, 44; id. Sen. 12, 41; id. Leg. 1, 13, 36; id. Tusc. 1, 9, 18; 1, 10, 22; 1, 30, 72; 1, 45, 108; 3, 5, 11; 3, 22, 52; 4, 7, 14; id. Off. 1, 25, 88: Plato in civitate communīs esse mulieres censuit, Gell. 18, 2, 8; 14, 5, 2; 18, 1, 4; 19, 12, 6.
        If the opinion refers to what should be observed, oportere or debere is used, or a gerundial predicate with esse (so in Cic., but in Gell. 7, 15, 3, without esse): oportere delubra esse in urbibus censeo, Cic. Leg. 2, 10, 26: M. Varro aeditumum dici oportere censet, Gell. 12, 10, 4; 14, 5, 2; so with debere, id. 17, 5, 5; 13, 8, 4: Cyrenaici … virtutem censuerunt ob eam rem esse laudandam, Cic. Off. 3, 33, 116: (Ennius) non censet lugendam esse mortem quam immortalitas consequatur, id. Sen. 20, 73.
      2. 2. An inf.-clause understood: (dissensio est), a quibus temporibus scribendi capiatur initium. Ego enim ab ultimis censeo (i. e. exordiendum esse), Cic. Leg. 1, 3, 8: si, Mimnermus uti censet, sine amore jocisque Nil est jucundum, Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 65: sic enim censuit, Cic. Off. 3, 33, 117.
      3. 3. With neutr. acc. of a pron.: hoc amplius censeo, in addition to the opinions mentioned I hold, etc., Sen. Vit. Beat. 3, 2: nullo (medico) idem censente, Plin. 29, 1, 5, § 11.
      4. 4. With a rel.-clause: Aesopus quae utilia … erant, non severe neque imperiose praecepit et censuit, he imparted his teachings and views, Gell. 2, 29, 1.
      5. 5. Absol.: non adligo me ad unum aliquem ex Stoicis proceribus. Est et mihi censendi jus, the right to impart my opinions, Sen. Vit. Beat. 3, 2.
    5. E. In gen., = arbitror, puto, existimo, judico (cf.: idem enim valet censere et arbitrari, Varr. ap. Non. p. 519, 29: censere nunc significat putare, nunc suadere, nunc decernere, Paul. ex Fest. p. 54, 11 Müll.).
      1. 1. To judge, think, believe, suppose (freq. in ante-class. writings; very rare in Cic. except in the particular meanings, a.—ironically—and d.; always with inf.-clause expressed or understood).
        1. a. In gen.: atque ego censui abs te posse hoc me impetrare, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 12 sq.: satis jam delusam censeo: rem, ut est, nunc eloquamur, id. As. 3, 3, 141: nam si honeste censeam te facere posse, suadeam, id. Mil. 4, 8, 60: neque ego hac noctem longiorem me vidisse censeo, id. Am. 1, 1, 126: saluti quod tibi esse censeo, id. Merc. 1, 35; so id. Am. 4, 3, 2; id. Most. 1, 3, 127; id. Pers. 1, 1, 9; 2, 2, 8; 2, 3, 75 sq.; id. Truc. 2, 2, 60; id. As. 2, 2, 33; id. Aul. 2, 4, 30; 2, 4, 36; id. Cas. 2, 8, 38; Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 53; id. Phorm. 2, 2, 13: aut domino, cujum id censebis esse, reddes, Cincius, Re Mil. l. iii., de ap. Gell. 16, 4, 2: eo namque omnem belli molem inclinaturam censebant (consules), Liv. 7, 32, 3: nec facturum aequa Samnitium populum censebant, si … oppugnarent, id. 7, 31, 7: quaeso ut ea quae dicam non a militibus imperatori dicta censeas, id. 7, 13, 8: at illa purgare se, quod quae utilia esse censebat … suasisset, Curt. 8, 3, 7: Alexander, tam memorabili victoriā laetus, quā sibi Orientis fines apertos esse censebat, id. 9, 1, 1; so id. 10, 8, 22.
        2. b. With reference to an erroneous opinion, to imagine, suppose, falsely believe: censebam me effugisse a vitā maritumā Ne navigarem, etc., Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 108: omnes eum (sc. Jovem) esse (Amphitruonem) censent servi, id. Am. prol. 122, 134: jam hic ero, quom illic censebis esse me, id. ib. 3, 3, 14: ardere censui aedes, id. ib. 5, 1, 15: ego hunc censebam esse te, id. Men. 5, 9, 13; so id. As. 5, 2, 20; id. Aul. 3, 5, 55; id. Bacch. 1, 2, 14; id. Men. 3, 3, 32; 5, 9, 76; id. Merc. 1, 2, 87; id. Poen. 1, 1, 54; 3, 1, 60; 3, 4, 25; id. Rud. 2, 4, 31; 4, 7, 35; id. Stich. 4, 2, 24; id. Truc. 1, 1, 72 et saep.: censuit se regem Porsenam occidere, Cass. Hem. ap. Non. p. 4, 88: non ipsa saxa magis sensu omni vacabant quam ille … cui se hic cruciatum censet optare, Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107.
          And ironically: nisi forte Diagoram aut Theodorum … censes superstitiosos fuisse, Cic. N. D. 1, 42, 117: nisi forte etiam illi Semproniano senatus consulto me censes adfuisse, qui ne Romae quidem fui, id. Fam. 12, 29, 2: neminem me fortiorem esse censebam, Curt. 8, 14, 42.
        3. c. Referring to what should take place.
          1. (α) With gerundial inf.-clause: navis praedatoria, Abs quā cavendum nobis sane censeo, Plaut. Men. 2, 2, 70: soli gerundum censeo morem, id. Most. 1, 3, 69: neque vendundam censeo Quae libera est, Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 39; so id. Eun. 4, 4, 53; 5, 8, 42; id. Hec. 4, 4, 94; id. Phorm. 2, 4, 17: ceterum ei qui consilium adferret opem quoque in eam rem adferendam censebant esse, Liv. 25, 11, 14.
          2. (β) With oportere, debere, or an ordinary inf.-clause: solam illi me soli censeo esse oportere obedientem, Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 47: quibus declaraveram, quo te animo censerem esse oportere, et quid tibi faciendum arbitrarer, Cic. Fam. 4, 9, 1: rursus interrogatus quid ipse victorem statuere debere censeret, Curt. 8, 14, 43: impudens postulatio visa est, censere … ipsos id (bellum) advertere in se, agrosque suos pro alienis populandos obicere, to entertain the idea that they should direct that war against themselves and their own lands, etc., Liv. 21, 20, 4: munere eum fungi prioris censet amici = eum fungi oportere, Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 5: quae nos quoque sustinere censebat, App. M. 11, p. 253.
          3. (γ) By aequum censere with ordinary inf.clause, expressed or understood, either = it is fair (right) to do something, or something ought or should be done (so very freq. in the comic poets and Livy; rare in other writers): non ego istunc me potius quam te metuere aequom censeo, I do not think it right to fear him, etc., Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 51: quid me aequom censes pro illā tibi dare? What do you think I should give as a fair price? etc., id. As. 1, 3, 76: meum animum tibi servitutem servire aequom censui, I thought it my duty that my mind should, etc., id. Trin. 2, 2, 27: ecquis est tandem qui vestrorum … aequom censeat poenas dare ob eam rem quod arguatur male facere voluisse? Cato ap. Gell. 6 (7), 3, 36: quis aequum censeret … receptos in fidem non defendi? Liv. 21, 19, 5; so id. 24, 37, 7; 5, 3, 8; 22, 32, 6.
            And without emphasis upon the idea of fairness or right: si sunt ita ut ego aequom censeo, as I think they ought to be, Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 55; so id. Trin. 3, 2, 87; 2, 3, 1; id. Merc. 3, 3, 8; id. Aul. 4, 1, 11; id. Ep. 4, 1, 29; id. Stich. 2, 2, 20; 4, 1, 42: qui aequom esse censeant, nos jam a pueris ilico nasci senes, who believe that we should be born as old men right from childhood, Ter. Heaut. 2, 1, 2; so id. ib. 5, 5, 11; id. Ad. 4, 3, 10: qui aequom censeant rem perniciosam utili praeponi, Auct. Her. 2, 14, 22: (tribuni) intercedebant; senatum quaerere de pecuniā non relatā in publicum … aequum censebant, Liv. 38, 54, 5: cives civibus parcere aequum censebat, Nep. Thras. 2, 6.
        4. d. Very freq., esp. in Cic., when a question, rhetorical or real, is addressed to a second person, often referring to erroneous opinions: an fores censebas nobis publicitus praeberier? Plaut. Am. 4, 2, 7: clanculum istaec te flagitia facere censebas potesse? id. Men. 4, 2, 47: hicine nos habitare censes? id. Trin. 4, 3, 72: omnes cinaedos esse censes, tu quia es? id. Men. 3, 2, 48; so id. As. 2, 4, 78; 5, 2, 37; id. Bacch. 4, 6, 41; 5, 2. 82; id. Capt. 4, 2, 66; 4, 2, 74; 5, 2, 16; id. Cas. 2, 6, 29; id. Men. 5, 5, 25: continuo dari Tibi verba censes? Ter. And. 3, 2, 25; so id. ib. 3, 3, 13; 4, 4, 55; id. Heaut. 4, 3, 38; id. Hec. 4, 1, 32; 4, 4, 53; id. Phorm. 5, 6, 35: adeone me delirare censes ut ista esse credam? Cic. Tusc. 1, 6, 10: nam cum in Graeco sermone haec … non videbantur, quid censes in Latino fore? id. Fin. 3, 4, 15: quid igitur censes? Apim illum nonne deum videri Aegyptiis? id. N. D. 1, 29, 82: quis haec neget esse utilia? quem censes? id. Off. 3, 26, 99: an censes me tantos labores … suscepturum fuisse, si, etc., id. Sen. 23, 82: an vos Hirtium pacem velle censetis? id. Phil. 12, 4, 9; so id. Brut. 50, 186; 85, 294; id. Tusc. 1, 5, 10 fin.; 2, 4, 11; 3, 13, 27; id. Fin. 1, 10, 34; id. N. D. 1, 8, 20; 1, 28, 78; 1, 44, 122; id. Leg. 2, 10, 23; id. Div. in Caecil. 16, 54; id. Phil. 1, 6, 13; 4, 3, 7; 7, 4, 14; 11, 1, 3; 11, 5, 10; 12, 3, 7; 12, 6, 13; 12, 8, 21; 12, 9, 22; 13, 2, 4; 14, 4, 10; id. Att. 10, 11, 4: quid censes munera terrae? … quo spectanda modo, quo sensu credis et ore? Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 5 sqq.; so id. ib. 2, 2, 65; Lucr. 1, 973 (with obj.inf.).
          With conditional period inst. of an inf.-clause: num censes faceret, filium nisi sciret eadem haec velle, Ter. And. 3, 3, 46.
          Sometimes censemus? is used in the same way as censes? Cic. Tusc. 1, 2, 4; id. Off. 2, 7, 25; id. Fam. 4, 9, 2.
        5. e. With an inf.clause understood: itane tu censes? Pa. Quid ego ni ita censeam? Plaut. Mil. 4, 3, 27: quid ergo censes? Tr. Quod rogas, Censeo, id. Rud. 4, 8, 7 sq.: quid illum censes? (i. e. eo loco facere?) Ter. And. 5, 2, 12: quid illas censes? (i. e. posse dicere), id. Ad. 4, 5, 22; so Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 59; Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 9; 5, 3, 21.
          So, very freq. in the comic poets, censeo, absol., as an approving answer; also sic censeo, istuc censeo, ita censeo (Cic.) to be variously rendered: ego divinam rem intus faciam … So. Censeo, that will be right! Plaut. Am. 3, 3, 11: auscultemus quid agat: Ph. Sane censeo, so we will, indeed, id. Curc. 2, 2, 29: quid si recenti re aedis pultem? Ad. Censeo, do so! id. Poen. 3, 4, 18: quin eloquamur? Ag. Censeo, hercle, patrue, id. ib. 5, 4, 93: patri etiam gratulabor? Tr. Censeo, I think so (and after answering several questions with censeo): etiamne complectar ejus patrem? Tr. Non censeo. Pl. Nunc non censet quom volo, id. Rud. 4, 8, 6 sqq.; id. Ps. 2, 2, 69; id. Stich. 5, 4, 53; id. Truc. 2, 4, 73; id. Cas. 4, 3, 14; Ter. Eun. 2, 1, 11; id. Heaut. 3, 3, 27: male habeas! Mu. Sic censeo, Plaut. Men. 4, 1, 11: aliquem arripiamus, etc.: Ly. Hem, istuc censeo, id. Merc. 3, 3, 19 (cf.: prorsus ita censeo, referring to general questions, as in D., Cic. Leg. 2, 10, 23); once similarly censeas: Quid gravare? censeas! Say yes, Plaut. Stich. 3, 2, 22.
      2. 2. To resolve, as a merely mental act, with gerundial inf.-clause (rare; cf. II. B.): quibus rebus cognitis, Caesar maturandum sibi censuit, resolved to hasten, lit., thought he must hasten ( = statuit, existimavit), Caes. B. G. 7, 56 init.: censuimus igitur amplius quaerendum, Gell. 12, 14, 7.
      3. 3. To consider, i. e. after carefully weighing the circumstances, with inf.-clause (rare): sed cum censerem … me et periculum vitare posse, et temperatius dicere … ea causa mihi in Asiam proficiscendi fuit, Cic. Brut. 91, 314.
      4. 4. = pu tare, habere, judicare, to consider as, to hold, with two acc., or inf.-clause.
        1. a. With double acc.: quom dispicias tristem, frugi censeas (i.e. eum), you would consider him thrifty, Plaut. Cas. 3, 2. 32: auxilio vos dignos censet senatus, considers you worthy of help, Liv. 7, 31, 2: has … indagines cuppediarum majore detestatione dignas censebimus si, etc., Gell. 7 (6), 16, 6: cum Priscum nobilitas hostem patriae censuisset, judged, declared him the enemy, etc., Aur. Vict. Caes. 29, 4.
        2. b. In the pass. with nom. and inf., = haberi (in Manil. and Gell.): praeter illas unam et viginti (comoedias) quae consensu omnium Plauti esse censebantur, Gell. 3, 3, 3: quae terrenā censentur sidera sorte (i. e. esse), are considered as being of the terrestrial kind, Manil. 2, 226; so id. 2, 293; 2, 653; 2, 667; 3, 96; so, sub aliquo censeri, to be considered as being under one’s influence, id. 4, 246; 4, 705; cf. id. 3, 598 (with per).
      5. 5. To wish, with subj.-clause or ne (in App.): de comā pretiosi velleris floccum mihi confestim adferas censeo, App. M. 6. p. 117: censeo ne ulla cura os percolat, id. Mag. p. 411.

* 2. censeo, ēre, = succenseo, to be angry: ne vobis censeam, si, etc., Varr. ap. Non. p. 267, 24.