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vīs, vis, f., plur. vīres, ĭum (class. only in nom., acc. and abl. sing. and in plur.; gen. sing. very rare; Tac. Or. 26; Dig. 4, 2, 1; Paul. Sent. 5, 30; dat. sing. vi, Auct. B. Afr. 69, 2; C. I. L. 5, 837; collat. form of the nom. and acc. plur. vis, Lucr. 3, 265; 2, 586; Sall. ap. Prisc. p. 707, or H. 3, 62 Dietsch; Messala ap. Macr. S. 1, 9, 14) [Gr. ἴς, ϝις, sinew, force; ἶφι, with might], strength, physical or mental; force, vigor, power, energy, virtue (cf. robur).
- I. Lit.
- 1. In gen.
- (α) Sing.: celeritas et vis equorum, Cic. Div. 1, 70, 144: magna vis eorum (urorum) et magna velocitas, Caes. B. G. 6, 28: contra vim atque impetum fluminis, id. ib. 4, 17: tempestatis, id. B. C. 2, 14: venti, Lucr. 1, 271: solis, id. 4, 326 (301): horrida teli, id. 3, 170: acris vini, id. 3, 476: ferri aerisque, id. 5, 1286: veneni, Cic. Cael. 24, 58 et saep.
- (β) Plur. (most freq. of physical strength): non viribus aut velocitatibus aut celeritate corporum res magnae geruntur, Cic. Sen. 6, 17: nec nunc vires desidero adulescentis, non plus quam adulescens tauri aut elephanti desiderabam, id. ib. 9, 27: hoc ali vires nervosque confirmari putant, Caes. B. G. 6, 21: me jam sanguis viresque deficiunt, id. ib. 7, 50 fin.: perpauci viribus confisi transnatare contenderunt, id. ib. 1, 53: nostri integris viribus fortiter repugnare, id. ib. 3, 4: lacertis et viribus pugnare, Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2: omnibus viribus atque opibus repugnare, id. Tusc. 3, 11, 25: non animi solum vigore sed etiam corporis viribus excellens, Liv. 9, 16, 12: validis viribus hastam contorquere, Verg. A. 2, 50: quicquid agas, decet agere pro viribus, with all your might, Cic. Sen. 9, 27; so, supra vires, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 22: et neglecta solent incendia sumere vires, id. ib. 1, 18, 85: seu virium vi seu exercitatione multā cibi vinique capacissimus, Liv. 9, 16, 13; cf.: in proelii concursu abit res a Consilio ad vires vimque pugnantium, Nep. Thras. 1, 4 dub. (Siebel. vires usumque).
Poet., with inf.: nec mihi sunt vires inimicos pellere tectis, Ov. H. 1, 109.
- 2. In partic.
- a. Energy, virtue, potency (of herbs, drugs, etc.): in radices vires oleae abibunt, Cato, R. R. 61, 1: vires habet herba? Ov. M. 13, 942: egregius fons Viribus occultis adjuvat, Juv. 12, 42.
- b. Vis, personified, the same as Juno, Aus. Idyll. de Deis; cf. Verg. A. 7, 432 Serv.
- c. Hostile strength, force, violence, = βία: EA POENA, QVAE EST DE VI, S. C. ap. Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 3, 5: cum vi vis illata defenditur, Cic. Mil. 4, 9; cf.: celeri rumore dilato Dioni vim allatam, Nep. Dion, 10, 1: ne vim facias ullam in illam, Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 37: sine vi facere, id. ib. 4, 7, 20: vim afferre alicui, Cic. Caecin. 21, 61; id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 62; 2, 4, 66, § 148: adhibere, id. Off. 3, 30, 110; id. Cat. 1, 8, 19: praesidio tam valido et armato vim adferre, Liv. 9, 16, 4: iter per vim tentare, by force, forcibly, Caes. B. G. 1, 14; so, per vim, id. B. C. 2, 13; Cic. Att. 7, 9, 4: ne id quidem satis est, nisi docet, ita se possedisse nec vi nec clam nec precario possederit, id. Caecin. 32, 92; so the jurid. formula in Lex Thoria ap. Grut. 202, 18; Dig. 41, 1, 22; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 28: vis haec quidem hercle est, et trahi et trudi simul, Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 92; Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 20: naves totae factae ex robore ad quamvis vim et contumeliam perferendam (shortly afterwards: tantas tempestates Oceani tantosque impetus ventorum sustineri), violence, shock, Caes. B. G. 3, 13: caeli, a storm, tempest, Plin. 18, 28, 69, § 278.
To avoid the gen. form (v. supra): de vi condemnati sunt, Cic. Phil. 2, 2, 4: de vi reus; id. Sest. 35, 75; id. Vatin. 17, 41: ei qui de vi itemque ei qui majestatis damnatus sit, id. Phil. 1, 9, 23; cf. id. ib. 1, 9, 21 sq. Halm ad loc.; Tac. A. 4, 13.
- d. In mal. part., force, violence: pudicitiam cum eriperet militi tribunus militaris … interfectus ab eo est, cui vim adferebat, Cic. Mil. 4, 9: matribus familias vim attulisse, id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 62: vis allata sorori, Ov. A. A. 1, 679: victa nitore dei vim passa est, id. M. 4, 233: vim passa est Phoebe, id. A. A. 1, 679.
- B. Transf., concr.
- 1. Quantity, number, abundance (cf.: copia, multitudo); with gen.: quasi retruderet hominum me vis invitum, Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 66: innumerabilis servorum, Cic. Har. Resp. 11, 22: in pompā cum magna vis auri argentique ferretur, Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 91: vis magna pulveris, Caes. B. C. 2, 26: vis maxima ranunculorum, Cic. Fam. 7, 18, 3: argenti, id. Prov. Cons. 2, 4: vim lacrimarum profudi, id. Rep. 6, 14, 14: odora canum vis, Verg. A. 4, 132; cf. absol.: et nescio quomodo is, qui auctoritatem minimam habet, maximam vim, populus cum illis facit, Cic. Fin. 2, 14, 44.
- 2. Vires, military forces, troops: praeesse exercitui, ut praeter auctoritatem vires quoque ad coërcendum haberet, Caes. B. C. 3, 57: satis virium ad certamen, Liv. 3, 60, 4: undique contractis viribus signa cum Papirio conferre, id. 9, 13, 12: robur omne virium ejus regni, the flower, id. 33, 4, 4: concitet et vires Graecia magna suas, Ov. H. 15 (16), 340.
- 3. Vires, the virile forces or organs, Arn. 5, 158; 5, 163; Inscr. Orell. 2322; 2332: veluti castratis viribus, Plin. 11, 18, 19, § 60; cf.: vis (= vires) multas possidere in se, Lucr. 2, 586.
Rarely sing.: vis genitalis, Tac. A. 6, 18.
- II. Trop.
- A. Mental strength, power, force, vigor: vis illa divina et virtus oratoris, Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 120: vis ac facultas oratoris, id. ib. 1, 31, 142: suavitatem Isocrates … sonitum Aeschines, vim Demosthenes habuit, id. ib. 3, 7, 28: summa ingenii, id. Phil. 5, 18, 49: magna vis est conscientiae in utramque partem, id. Mil. 23, 61: magna vis est in fortunā in utramque partem, id. Off. 2, 6, 19: patriae, id. de Or. 1, 44, 196: quod ostentum habuit hanc vim, ut, etc., power, effect, id. Div. 1, 33, 73: qui indignitate suā vim ac jus magistratui quem gerebat dempsisset, Liv. 26, 12, 8: hujus conventionis, Dig. 43, 25, 12.
Plur. (post-Aug.): eloquentiae, Quint. 5, 1, 2: facilitatis, id. 12, 9, 20: ingenii, id. 1, 2, 23; 12, 1, 32: orationis, id. 8, 3, 87.
- B. Transf., of abstr. things, force, notion, meaning, sense, import, nature, essence (cf. significatio): id, in quo est omnis vis amicitiae, Cic. Lael. 4, 15: eloquentiae vis et natura, id. Or. 31, 112: vis honesti (with natura), id. Off. 1, 6, 18; cf. id. Fin. 1, 16, 50: virtutis, id. Fam. 9, 16, 5: quae est alia vis legis? id. Dom. 20, 53: vis, natura, genera verborum et simplicium et copulatorum, i.e. the sense, signification, id. Or. 32, 115: vis verbi, id. Inv. 1, 13, 17; id. Balb. 8, 21: quae vis insit in his paucis verbis, si attendes, si attendes, intelleges, id. Fam. 6, 2, 3: quae vis subjecta sit vocibus, id. Fin. 2, 2, 6: nominis, id. Top. 8, 35: μετωνυμία, cujus vis est, pro eo, quod dicitur, causam, propter quam dicitur, ponere, Quint. 8, 6, 23.
viscātōrĭum, i, n. [visco], a snare (late Lat.), Manich. Cit. Jul. ap. Aug. c. Sec. Resp. Jul. 3, 74.
viscātus, a, um, Part. [id.], smeared with birdlime: virgae, limed twigs.
- I. Lit., Varr. R. R. 3, 7, 7; Ov. M. 15, 474: alae, id. A. A. 1, 391.
- B. Transf.: omnia viscatis manibus leget, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 332, 30; 396, 4.
- II. Trop.: viscata beneficia devitare, i.e. entangling, Sen. Ep. 8, 3: munera, i.e. for which one expects a good return, Plin. Ep. 9, 30, 2.
viscellātus, a, um, adj. [1. viscus], stuffed with the entrails of fishes or of birds: pisces, Plin. Val. 1, 24: pullus, id. 2, 17 med.
Viscellīnus, i, m., an agnomen of the consul Sp. Cassius, who was put to death for aiming at the sovereignty, Cic. Lael. 11, 36; cf. id. ib. 8, 28.
* viscĕrātim, adv. [1. viscus], piecemeal: dissupat membra, Enn. ap. Non. p. 183, 17 (Trag. v. 145 Vahl.).
viscĕrātĭo, ōnis, f. [1. viscus], a public distribution of flesh cr mcat, Cic. Off. 2, 16, 55; Liv. 8, 22; 39, 46; Suet. Caes. 38; Inscr. Orell. 134; 3858: sine amico visceratio, leonis ac lupi vita est, a feeding, Sen. Ep. 19, 10.
viscĕrĕus, a, um, adj. [1. viscus], consisting of flesh: arvum nondum viscereum, i. e. which had not yet been employed in the creation of man, Prud. Apoth. 1093.
viscĭdus, a, um, adj. [viscum], clammy, sticky, viscid: acetum, Theod. Prisc. 1, 2; 1, 6: viscidiores cibi, id. de Diaeta, 18.
visco, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a., to smear, besmear: cum se inter articulorum conjunctiones usu commotionum viscaverit (sanies), Theod. Prisc. 2, 21: spirat et hinc miseri viscantur labra mariti, are glued, smeared, Juv. 6, 463.
viscōsus, a, um, adj. [viscum], full of birdlime, sticky, viscous: pastus, Prud. Ham. 824; Pall. 1, 14.
viscum, i, n. (m. collat. form viscus, i, Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 16) [cf. Gr. ἰξός, ϝιξος; Lat. viscus], the mistletoe.
- I. Lit., Plin. 16, 44, 94, § 248; 24, 4, 6, § 11; Verg. A. 6, 205.
- II. Transf., birdlime made from the berries of the mistletoe, Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 144; Verg. G. 1, 139; Val. Fl. 6, 263; Mart. Spect. 11, 2.
- B. Trop.: viscus merus vestra est blanditia, Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 16: tactus sum vehementer visco: cor stimulo foditur, i. e. with love, id. ib. 5, 2, 39.
1. viscus, ĕris, and more freq. in the plur.: viscĕra, um, n. [prop. the soft parts; cf.: viscum, viscidus],
- I. the inner parts of the animal body, the internal organs, the inwards, viscera (the nobler parts, the heart, lungs, liver, as well as the ignobler, the stomach, entrails, etc.; cf.: ilia, intestina, exta).
- (α) Sing.: mortui praecordia et viscus omne, Cels. praef. med.; Lucr. 1, 837; 3, 719; Tib. 1, 3, 76; Ov. M. 6, 290; 15, 365; Luc. 3, 658; Quint. Decl. 1, 14; Nemes. Cyn. 139.
- (β) Plur. (only so in class. prose), Cels. 4, 11; 7, 9, 2; Lucr. 2, 669; 3, 249; 3, 375 al.; Ov. M. 7, 601; 8, 846; 12, 390; 15, 314; id. F. 4, 205 al.
Of the uterus, Quint. 10, 3, 4; Dig. 48, 8, 8.
Of the testicles, Petr. 119; Plin. 20, 13, 51, § 142.
- B. Transf.
- 1. The flesh, as lying under the skin: cum Herculi Dejanira sanguine Centauri tinctam tunicam induisset, inhaesissetque ea visceribus, Cic. Tusc. 2, 8, 20: ut multus e visceribus sanguis exeat, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 14, 34: heu quantum scelus est, in viscera viscera condi! Ov. M. 15, 88: boum, Cic. N. D. 2, 63, 159: taurorum, Verg. A. 6, 253; 8, 180.
- 2. The fruit of the womb, offspring, child (poet. and in post-Aug. prose): (Tereus) in suam sua viscera congerit alvum, Ov. M. 6, 651; 8, 478; 10, 465; id. H. 11, 118; cf. Curt. 4, 14, 22: viscera sua flammis inicere, i. e. one’s own writings, Quint. 6, praef. § 3 Spald.
- II. Trop., like our bowels, for the interior, inward or inmost part: itum est in viscera terrae, Ov. M. 1, 138: montis (Aetnae), Verg. A. 3, 575: in medullis populi Romani ac visceribus haerebant, Cic. Phil. 1, 15, 36: in venis atque in visceribus rei publicae, id. Cat. 1, 13, 31; cf. id. Tusc. 4, 11, 24: haec in dicendo non extrinsecus alicunde quaerenda, sed ex ipsis visceribus causae sumenda sunt, id. de Or. 2, 78, 318: quae (ἐγκελεύσματα) mihi in visceribus haerent, id. Att. 6, 1, 8: neu patriae validas in viscera vertite vires, i. e. her own citizens, Verg. A. 6, 833: de visceribus tuis, i. e. from your means, property, Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 7; so, aerarii, id. Dom. 47 fin.: magnarum domuum, the heart, i. e. the favorite, Juv. 3, 72.
2. viscus, i, v. viscum init.
vīsĭbĭlis, e, adj. [video].
- I. Pass., that may be seen, visible (late Lat. for adspectabilis): exhalationes tenues vixque visibiles, App. de Mundo, p. 60, 37; id. de Deo Socr. p. 42, 22: deus, Prud. Apoth. 146: gloria, id. Cath. 5, 158.
- * II. Act., that can see, seeing: pars animi, Plin. 11, 37, 54, § 146.
Adv.: vīsĭbĭlĭter (acc. to I.), visibly, Paul. Nol. Ep. 20.
vīsĭbĭlĭtas, ātis, f. [visibilis, I.], visibility, Tert. Carn. Chr. 12 fin.; Fulg. ap. Contin. Verg. p. 750 Stav.
vīsĭbĭlĭter, adv., v. visibilis fin.
vīsĭfĭcus, a, um, adj. [video- facio], causing to see, conferring sight (late Lat.), Theod. Prisc. 4, 2 fin.
vīsĭo, ōnis, f. [video], the act or sense of seeing, sight, vision.
- I. Lit.: ignes … nostrae visioni occurrunt, App. de Mundo, p. 63 fin.; id. M. 2, p. 120, 32; 8, p. 203, 37: in caelestis sponsi visione requiescere, Greg. Mag. Homil. 2, 2, 8; 2, 2, 12.
- B. Transf., a thing seen, an appearance, apparition, a vision: adventicia, Cic. Div. 2, 58, 120; cf. Macr. Somn. Scip. 1, 3.
- II. Trop., an image of a thing in the mind; an idea, conception, notion: speciem dei percipi cogitatione … eamque esse ejus visionem, ut, etc., Cic. N. D. 1, 37, 105: veri falsique, id. Ac. 2, 11, 33: falsa doloris, id. Tusc. 2, 18, 42.
As a transl. of the Gr. φαντασία, Quint. 6, 2, 29.
- B. Transf., in jurid. lang., a supposition, a case: in propositā quaestione tribus visionibus relatis, etc., Dig. 5, 3, 25; so ib. 16, 1, 8; 17, 1, 29; 22, 3, 25 fin.; Tert. Anim. 9.
vīsĭtātĭo, ōnis, f. [visito].
- * I. A sight, appearance, Vitr. 9, 4 fin.
- II. A visit (postclass.), Tert. adv. Jud. 13 fin.
- B. Trop., a visitation, punishment, Vulg. Isa. 10, 3; id. 1 Pet. 2, 12.
vīsĭtātor, ōris, m. [visito], a visitor (late Lat.), Aug. Serm. in Fer. Pentec. 1, 2; a protector, Vulg. 2 Macc. 3, 39.
vīsĭto, āvi, ātum, 1, v. freq. a. [viso].
- I. To see (ante- and post-class.): quia te non visitavi, Plaut. Pers. 1, 1, 20: aliquem, id. Curc. 2, 3, 64; id. Ep. 4, 1, 12; 4, 1, 24: ignotā facie, quae non visitata sit, id. Trin. 3, 3, 37 Ritschl N. cr.: immanis forma visitata, App. M. 4, p. 151, 8: signa, visible, Vitr. 9, 4; Flor. 9 init.
- II. To go to see, to visit any one (rare but class.): cum visitasset hominem Carneades, Cic. Fin. 5, 31, 94: aliquem, Suet. Claud. 35; id. Tib. 11; id. Ner. 34; Hier. Ep. 7, 1.
- III. To punish (eccl. Lat.), Vulg. Psa. 88, 33; id. Jer. 14, 10; id. Lev. 18, 25.
Also neutr.: super his, Vulg. Jer. 9, 9.
- IV. To send, judicially, super vos malitiam, Vulg. Jer. 23, 2.
visĭum, ii, n. [Gr. βδέσμα], a stench: βδέσμα, visio, Gloss.
vīso, si, sum, 3, v. freq. a. and n. [video], to look at attentively, to view, behold, survey (class.).
- I. Lit.: ludos nuptiales, Plaut. Cas. 5, 1, 2: ex muris visite agros vestros ferro inique vastatos, Liv. 3, 68, 2: praeda Macedonica omnis, ut viseretur, exposita, id. 45, 33, 5: ubi audiret potius contumelias inperatoris quam viseret, Tac. A. 14, 1.
Absol.: vise, specta tuo arbitratu, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 106: visendi causā venire, Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 9: undigue visendi studio Trojana juventus Circumfusa ruit, Verg. A. 2, 63.
P. a.: visendus, to be seen, worth seeing: ornatus, Cic. Vatin. 13, 31: arbores visendae magnitudinis, Plin. 16, 44, 91, § 242.
Pass.: nec civitas ulla visitur, is seen, i. e. exists, Amm. 16, 3, 1.
Subst.: vīsenda, ōrum, n., objects worth notice, sights: Athenae multa visenda habentes, Liv. 45, 27.
- II. Transf.
- A. To go or come in order to look at, to see to, look after; constr. with acc., a rel.-clause, or ad.
- (α) With acc.: illa in arcem abivit, aedem visere Minervae, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 8, 59; cf. id. Rud. 5, 1, 6: fit concursus per vias; Filios suos quisque visunt, id. Ep. 2, 2, 28.
- (β) With rel.-clause: ego quid me velles, visebam, Plaut. Stich. 2, 2, 4; id. Mil. 3, 1, 113; id. Bacch. 4, 8, 60; Ter. Phorm. 2, 4, 5 al.: visam si domi est, id. Heaut. 1, 1, 118; id. Eun. 3, 4, 7.
- (γ) With ad: vise ad portum, Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 114: accensus dicit sic: omnes Quirites, inlicium visite huc ad judices, Varr. L. L. 6, § 88 Müll.
- B. To go to see, to visit any one, esp. a sick person (qs. to see how he is).
- (α) With acc.: constitui ad te venire, ut et viderem te et viserem et cenarem etiam, Cic. Fam. 9, 23: uxorem Pamphili, Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6 sq.: quae Paphon visit, Hor. C. 3, 28, 15: altos Visere montes, id. ib. 1, 2, 8 et saep.
Pass., of places: propter quem Thespiae visuntur, is visited, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 2, § 4: Cn. Octavii domus cum vulgo viseretur, id. Off. 1, 39, 138.
- (β) With ad: aegram esse simulant mulierem: nostra ilico It visere ad eam, Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 114; cf.: L. Piso ap. Gell. 6, 9, 5; Lucr. 6, 1238; Ov. Am. 2, 2, 22.
(visor, ōris, m., a scout, only in a gloss ap. Tac. A. 16, 2; omitted by Draeg. and Halm.)
vispellio, ōnis, m., a class of thieves who robbed corpses of their grave-clothes, Dig. 21, 2, 31; 36, 1, 7 fin.; 46, 3, 72, § 5 Momms.
Vistŭla, ae, f., a river in Eastern Germany, the mod. Weichsel or Vistula, Mel. 3, 4, 1; Plin. 4, 12, 25, § 81; 4, 13, 27, § 97; 4, 14, 28, § 100.
Called also Vistillus, i, m., Plin. 4, 14, 28, § 100.
vīsŭālis, e, adj. [visus], attained by sight (late Lat.): probatio, Cassiod. Var. 4, 51.
Hence, subst.: vīsŭālĭa, ĭum, n., the power of vision, Theod. Prisc. 4, 2.
Adv.: vīsŭālĭter, visibly (late Lat.), Cassiod. in Psa. 36, 29.
vīsŭālĭtas, ātis, f. [visualis], the power of seeing, the faculty of sight, vision (postclass.), Tert. Anim. 29.
visŭla, ae, f., a kind of vine, Col. 3, 2, 21; Plin. 14, 2, 4, § 31.
vīsum, i, n. [video], something seen,
Note: sight, appearance, vision.
- I. In gen.: visa somniorum, Cic. Tusc. 1, 41, 97: talia visa, Prop. 2, 26 (3, 21), 20: dic age … visa quid ista ferant, Ov. Am. 3, 5, 32: turpia, Prop. 2, 6, 28.
- II. In partic., a transl. of the Gr. φαντασία, an impression made by some external object upon the senses, an image, Cic. Ac. 1, 11, 40; 2, 6, 18; 2, 24, 77.
Vĭsurgis, is, m., a river in Northern Germany, the mod. Weser, Mel. 3, 3, 3; Plin. 4, 14, 28, § 100; Tac. A. 2, 9; 2, 11; 2, 16 sq.; Sid. Carm. 23, 244.
1. vīsus, a, um, Part. of video.
2. vīsus, ūs, m. [video], a seeing, looking; a look, glance; the faculty or act of seeing, sight, vision.
- I. Lit.: feminas omnes visu nocere, quae duplices pupillas habent, Cic. Fragm. ap. Plin. 7, 2, 2, § 18: visu effascinare, Plin. 7, 2, 2, § 16: oculorum visus, Lucr. 5, 101; so quint. 1, 2, 11: corpus visu tactuque manifestum, id. 1, 4, 20: visus in duas acies (divisus est), Lact. Opif. Dei, 10, 10; Ambros. in Luc. 7, 113 al.
In plur., Ov. F. 3, 406; Cael. Aur. Acut. 1, 15, 122; App. de Deo Socr. p. 43, 31.
- II. Transf.
- A. The sight, the organ of sight: spectare inocciduis visibus, with everwatchful eyes, Stat. Th. 6, 277.
- B. Object., a thing seen, a sight, appearance, an apparition, a vision: conspectus ab utrāque acie aliquanto augustior humano visu, Liv. 8, 9, 10: rite secundarent visus, Verg. A. 3, 36: inopino territa visu, Ov. M. 4, 232: nocturni visus, Liv. 8, 6, 11.
- C. Appearance, seeming, probability: multa esse probabilia, quae quamquam non perciperentur, tamen, quia visum haberent quendam insignem et illustrem, iis sapientis vita regeretur, Cic. N. D. 1, 5, 12.