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āēr, āĕris, m. (in Enn. once

  1. I. fem., Gell. 13, 20, 14, as also ἀήρ in Gr., in the earliest per, was fem., Gr. gen. aëros, Stat. Th. 2, 693; Gr. acc. aëra, Cic., Sen., Plin.; pure Lat. form, āĕrem, Varr. L. L. 5, 10, 65; Cato ap. Serv ad Verg. A. 10, 184; Plin. 18, 1, 1, § 3; plur nom. and acc. āĕres, Vitr. 11; later āĕra, Ven. Fort. Carm 9, 1, 141, dat. āĕribus, Lucr. 4, 289; 5, 643), = ἀηρ, the air, properly the lower atmosphere (in distinction from aether, the upper pure air): istic est is Juppiter quem dico, quem Graeci vocant Aërem, qui ventus est et nubes, imber postea, Atque ex imbre frigus, ventus post fit, aër denuo, Enn. ap. Varr L. L. 5, § 65 Müll. (Epicharm. v. 9 Vahl.,: terra circumfusa undique est hac animall spirabilique naturā, cui nomen est aër, Graecum illud quidem, sed perceptum jam tamen usu a nostris, tritum est enim pro Latino, Cic. N. D. 2, 36, 91: itaque aër et ignis et aqua et terra primae sunt, id. Ac. 1, 7, 26: Anaximenes aëra Deum statuit, id. N. D. 1, 10: aërem in perniciem vertere, Plin. 18, 1, 1, § 3 al.
    Also in plur.: aëribus binis, Lucr 4, 291: aëres locorum salubres aut pestilentes, Vitr 1, 1 fin.
  2. II. Transf.
    1. A. Poet.: aër summus arboris, the airy summit, for the highest point, Verg. G. 2, 123; cf. Juv. 6, 99.
    2. B. Also poet. for a cloud, vapor, mist: Venus obscuro gradientes aëre sepsit, Verg. A. 1, 411: aëre septus, Val Fl. 5,401
    3. C. With limiting adj. = the weather: crassus, Cic. Ac. 2, 25, 81. fusus et extenuatus, id. N. D. 2, 39 purus et tenuis, id. ib. 2, 16 temperatus, id. Div 2, 42
      1. 1. † aera (dissyl.), ae, f., = αἰρα, a weed among grain; darnel, tare, or cockle, Lolium temulentum, Linn.; Plin. 18, 17, 44, § 156.

2. aera, ae, f. [from aera, counters; v. aes, 2. E., later Lat.

  1. I. In math., a given number, according to which a reckoning or calculation is to be made, Vitruvius (Vetrubius) Rufus ap. Salmas. Exercc. I. p. 483.
  2. II. Anitem of an account (for the class. aera, plur. of aes, Ruf. Fest. in Breviar. init. The passage of Lucil. cited by Non. 2, 42, aera perversa, is also prob. plur.).
  3. III. An era or epoch from which time is reckoned, Isid. Orig. 5, 36; cf. Inscr. Orell. II. p. 374.

aerāmen, inis, n. [aes], a late form for aes, copper, bronze; aeramen aut marmora, Cod. Th. 15, 1, 37: ferri vel aeraminis purgamenta, Theod. Prisc. 1, 9.

aerāmentum, i, n. [aes], that is prepared from copper or bronze; hence, a copper or bronze vessel or utensil, Plin. 33, 5, 30, § 94; 35, 15, 51, § 182.

aerārĭa and aerārĭum, v. aerarius, under B. and C.

aerārĭus, a, um, adj. [aes].

  1. I. That pertains to or is made of copper, bronze, etc.: aerarium metallum, a copper-mine, Vitr. 7, 9; Plin. 33, 5, 26, § 86; fornaces, smelting-furnaces, id. 11, 36, 42, § 119: fabrica, the preparation of copper, id. 7, 56, 57, § 197 faber, a coppersmith, id. 34, 8, 19, 6, § 61 (also aerarius alone; v. below).
  2. II. Of or pertaining to money: propter aerariam rationem non satis erat in tabulis inspexisse quantum deberetur, on account of the standard of coin, Cic. Quint. 4: hinc dicuntur milites aerarii, ab aere quod stipendia facerent, Varr. L. L. 5, § 181 Müll.: tribunus, who superintended disbursements of the public treasury: aerarii tribuni a tribuendo aere sunt appellati, Paul. ex Fest. p. 2 Müll.; or, acc. to Varr.: ab eo, quibus attributa erat pecunia, ut militi reddant, tribuni aerarii dicti, Varr. L. L. 5, § 181 Müll.; v. tribunus.
    Hence, subst.: aerārĭus, i, m.
      1. 1. (Sc. faber.) One who works in copper, etc., a coppersmith: in aerariorum officinis, Plin. 16, 6, 8, § 23: aerariorum marculi, Mart. 12, 57, 6; so Inscr. Orell. 4140.
      2. 2. (Sc. civis.) A citizen of the lowest class, who paid only a poll-tax (aera pendebat), and had no right of voting. Other citizens, upon the commission of great crimes, were degraded by the censors into this class, and deprived of all previous dignities. (Cf. Gell. 4, 12 and 29; Drak. ad Liv. 24, 18, 6; Smith’s Dict. Antiq., and Nieb. Röm. Gesch. 2, 63 and 452.) Referre aliquem in aerarios, Cic. Clu. 43. eximere aliquem ex aerariis, id. de Or. 2, 66 ext.; Liv. 24, 18: omnes, quos senatu moverunt, quibusque equos ademerunt (censores) aerarios fecerunt et tribu moverunt, id. 42, 10 al.
    1. B. aerārĭa, ae, f.
      1. 1. (Sc. fodina, like argentaria and ferraria, Liv. 34, 21: auraria, Tac. A. 6, 19 al.) A mine: multis locis apud eos (sc. Aquitanos) aerariae structuraeque sunt, Caes. B. G. 3, 21 Herz.
      2. 2. (Sc. officina.) A smelting or refining house, Varr. L. L. 8, 33.
      3. 3. (Sc. fornax.) A smelting-furnace, Plin. 34, 13, 33, § 128.
    2. C. aerārĭum, i, n. (sc. stabulum), the place in the temple of Saturn at Rome, where the public treasure was kept, the treasury: τὸ ταμιεῖον, τὸ κοινόν: Aerarium sane populus Romanus in aede Saturni habuit, Paul. ex Fest. p. 2 Müll.; cf. Plin. Pan. 92: referre pecuniam in aerarium, Cic. Agr. 2, 27 (for which deferre is often used in Liv. q.v.): dare alicui pecuniam ex aerario, id. Verr. 2, 3, 70.
      Also for the public treasure or finances: C. Gracchus, cum largitiones maximas fecisset et effudisset aerarium, Cic. Tusc. 3, 20, 48, Nep. Arist. 3, 1; id. Att. 8.
      In the time of the emperors the aerarium (public treasure) was distinguished from fiscus (the wealth of the emperor): bona Sejani ablata aerario, ut in fisco cogerentur, Tac. A. 6, 2; Plin. Pan. 36, Suet. Vesp. 16; v. fiscus. In the treasury the public archives were kept: factum senatus consultum, ne decreta patrum ante diem decimum ad aerarium deferrentur, Tac. A. 3, 51; cf. id. ib. 13, 28; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Caes. 28; and also the standards: signa ex aerario prompta, Liv. 4, 22.
      The Quaestores aerarii (under Augustus and his immediate successors the Praetores) presided over the aerarium, with whom the Tribuni aerarii were associated as assistants; cf. Quaestor and Tribunus.
      The aerarium contained also a fund, established after the invasion of Gaul, and augmented by the immense booty acquired in the wars with Carthage, Macedonia, Corinth, etc., as well as by the tribute of the manumissi, which could be used only in cases of extreme public necessity, hence with the epithet sanctius, Caes. B. C. 1, 24: aurum vicesimarium, quod in sanctiore aerario ad ultimos casus servaretur, promi placuit, Liv. 27, 10; cf. Cic. Att. 7, 21; id. Verr. 2, 4, 63 (of the Syracusans). Hence trop., Quint. 10, 3, 3: aerarium militare, destined by Aug. for defraying the expenses of war, Tac. A. 1, 78; Suet. Aug. 49; Plin. Pan. 92, 1.

aerātus, a, um, P. a. [from aero, āre, found in no example, and only mentioned in Priscian: a metallorum quoque nominibus solent nasci verba, ut ab auro, auro, as, ab aere, aero, as; unde auratus et aeratus. p. 828 P.].

  1. I. Furnished or covered with copper or bronze: ratis, Naev. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 23 Müll. (Bell. Punic. v. 59 Vahl.): lecti, having bronze feet, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 26, § 60: naves, Hor. C. 2, 16, 21: porta, Ov. F. 2, 785.
    Poet.: acies, armed ranks, Verg. A. 9, 463.
  2. II. Made of bronze: catenae, Prop. 3, 13, 11.
  3. * III. Sarcastic. of a rich man: tribuni non tam aerati quam aerarii, Cic. Att. 1, 16, 8.

aes, aeris (often used in plur. nom. and acc.; abl. aeribus, Cato ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 27 Müll., and Lucr. 2, 636; gen. AERVM, Inscr. Orell. 3551), n. [cf. Germ. Eisen = iron, Erz = copper; Goth. aiz = copper, gold; Angl.Sax. ar, ær = ore, copper, brass; Eng. iron, ore; Lat. aurum; with the com. notion of brightness; cf. aurora, etc.].

  1. I. Any crude metal dug out of the earth, except gold and silver; esp.,
        1. a. Aes Cyprium, whence cuprum, copper: scoria aeris, copper dross or scoria, Plin. 34, 11, 24, § 107: aeris flos, flowers of copper, id. 34, 11, 24, § 107: squama aeris, scales of copper, Cels. 2, 12 init.: aes fundere, Plin. 33, 5, 30, § 94: conflare et temperare, id. 7, 56, 57, § 197: India neque aes neque plumbum habet, id. 34, 17, 48, § 163: aurum et argentum et aes, Vulg. Ex. 25, 3.
        2. b. An alloy, for the most part of copper and tin, bronze (brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, was hardly known to the ancients. For their bronze coins the Greeks adhered to copper and tin till B.C. 400, after which they added lead. Silver is rare in Greek bronze coins. The Romans admitted lead into their bronze coins, but gradually reduced the quantity, and, under Calig., Nero, Vesp., and Domit., issued pure copper coins, and then reverted to the mixture of lead. In the bronze mirrors now existing, which are nearly all Etruscan, silver predominated to give a highly reflecting surface. The antique bronze had about 87 parts of copper to 13 of tin. An analysis of several objects has given the following centesimal parts: [??] statua ex aere, Cic. Phil. 9, 6: simulacrum ex aere factum, Plin. 34, 4, 9, § 15: valvas ex aere factitavere, id. 34, 3, 7, § 13.
          Hence: ducere aliquem ex aere, to cast one’s image in bronze, id. 7, 37, 38, § 125; and in the same sense poet.: ducere aera, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 240: aes Corinthium, Plin. 34, 2, 3, §§ 5-8; v. Corinthius.
  2. II. Meton.
    1. A. (Esp. in the poets.) For everything made or prepared from copper, bronze, etc. (statues, tables of laws, money), and (as the ancients had the art of hardening and tempering copper and bronze) weapons, armor, utensils of husbandry: aes sonit, franguntur hastae, the trumpet sounds, Enn. ap. Non. 504, 32 (Trag. v. 213 Vahl.): Et prior aeris erat quam ferri cognitus usus: Aere solum terrae tractabant, aereque belli Miscebant fluctus et vulnera vasta serebant, etc., Lucr. 5, 1287: quae ille in aes incidit, in quo populi jussa perpetuasque leges esse voluit, Cic. Phil. 1, 17; cf. id. Fam. 12, 1; Tac. A. 11, 14; 12, 53; id. H. 4, 40: aere (with the trumpet, horn) ciere viros, Verg. A. 6, 165: non tuba directi, non aeris cornua flexi, Ov. M. 1, 98 (hence also rectum aes, the tuba, in contr. with the crooked buccina, Juv. 2, 118); a brazen prow, Verg. A. 1, 35; the brazen age, Hor. Epod. 16, 64.
      In plur.: aera, Cato ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 27 Müll.; Verg. A. 2, 734; Hor. C. 4, 8, 2 al.
    2. B. Money: the first Roman money consisted of small rude masses of copper, called aes rude, Plin. 33, 3, 13, § 43; afterwards as coined: aes signatum, Cic. Leg. 3, 3; Plin. 33, 3, 13, § 43; so aes alone: si aes habent, dant mercem, Plaut. As. 1, 3, 49: ancilla aere suo empta, Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 26: aes circumforaneum. borrowed from the brokers in the forum, Cic. Att. 2, 1: Hic meret aera liber Sosiis, earns them money, Hor. A. P. 345: gravis aere dextra, Verg. E. 1, 36: effusum est aes tuum, Vulg. Ez. 16, 36: neque in zona aes (tollerent), ib. Maarc. 6, 8: etiam aureos nummos aes dicimus, Dig. 50, 16, 159.
      Hence,
      1. 1. Aes alienum, lit. the money of another; hence, in reference to him who has it, the sum owed, a debt, Plaut. Curc. 3, 1, 2: habere aes alienum, Cic. Fam. 5, 6: aes alienum amicorum suscipere, to take upon one’s self, id. Off. 2, 16: contrahere, to run up, id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8: facere, id. Att. 13, 46: conflare, Sall. C. 14, 2; 24, 3: in aes alienum incidere, to fall into debt, Cic. Cat. 2, 9: in aere alieno esse, to be in debt, id. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 6; so, aere alieno oppressum esse, id. Font. 1; so Vulg. 1 Reg. 22, 2: laborare ex aere alieno, Caes. B. C. 3, 22: liberare se aere alieno, to get quit of, Cic. Att. 6, 2; so, aes alienum dissolvere, id. Sull. 56: aere alieno exire, to get out of, id. Phil. 11, 6.
      2. 2. In aere meo est, trop., he is, as it were, among my effects, he is my friend (only in the language of common conversation): in animo habui te in aere meo esse propter Lamiae nostri conjunctionem, Cic. Fam. 13, 62; 15, 14.
      3. * 3. Alicujus aeris esse, to be of some value, Gell. 18, 5.
      4. * 4. In aere suo censeri, to be esteemed according to its own worth, Sen. Ep. 87.
    3. C. Sometimes = as, the unit of the standard of money (cf. as); hence, aes grave, the old heary money (as weighed, not counted out): denis milibus aeris gravis reos condemnavit, Liv. 5, 12: indicibus dena milia aeris gravis, quae tum divitiae habebantur, data, id. 4, 60; so, aes alone and in the gen. sing., instead of assium: aeris miliens, triciens, a hundred millions, three millions, Cic. Rep. 3, 10: qui milibus aeris quinquaginta census fuisset, Liv. 24, 11.
      Also for coins that are smaller than an as (quadrans, triens, etc.): nec pueri credunt, nisi qui nondum aere, i. e. quadrante, lavantur (those who bathed paid each a quadrans), Juv. 2, 152 (cf.: dum tu quadrante lavatum Rex ibis, Hor. S. 1, 3, 137).
    4. D. Wages, pay.
      1. 1. A soldier’s pay = stipendium: negabant danda esse aera militibus, Liv. 5, 4. And soon after: annua aera habes: annuam operam ede.
        Hence in plur., = stipendia, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 33.
      2. 2. Reward, payment, in gen., Juv. 6, 125: nullum in bonis numero, quod ad aes exit, that has in view or aims at pay, reward, Sen. Ep. 88.
    5. E. In plur.: aera, counters; hence also the items of a computed sum (for which, later, a sing. form aera, ae (q. v.), came into use): si aera singula probāsti, summam, quae ex his confecta sit, non probare? Cic. ap. Non. 3, 18.