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spĕcĭo (spĭcĭo, v. infra), spexi, 3, v. a. [Sanscr. spac-, see; Gr. σκέπ-τομαι, σκοπός; Lat.: specto, speculum, etc.], to look, look at, behold (ante-class.): quod nos cum praepositione dicimus aspicio apud veteres sine praepositione spicio dicebatur, Fest. s. v. auspicium, p. 2 Müll.: spectare dictum ab specio antiquo, quo etiam Ennius usus: vos epulo postquam spexit, et quod in auspiciis distributum est, qui habent spectionem, qui non habeant; et quod in auguriis etiam nunc augures dicunt avem specereSpeculum, quod in eo specimus imaginem, etc., Varr. L. L. 6, § 82 Müll. (Vahl. has restored the verse of Ennius, Ann. 402, in this way: quos ubi rex populos spexit de cantibus celsis; cf. infra, Fest. p. 330 Müll.); cf.: posteaquam avim de templo Anchisa spexit, Naev. B. Pun. 1, 10: spicit quoque sine praepositione dixerunt antiqui. Plautus (Mil. 3, 1, 100): flagitium est, si nihil mittetur, quo supercilio spicit. Et spexit, Ennius, l. VI.: quos ubi rexspexit de montibu’ celsis, Fest. p. 330 Müll.; cf. Cato ib. s. v. spiciunt, p. 344: nunc specimen specitur, nunc certamen cernitur, Plaut. Cas. 3, 1, 2; id. Bacch. 3, 2, 15: nisi mihi credis, spece, id. Truc. 5, 8.

spĕcŭlātor (also written spĭcŭl-), ōris, m. [speculor], in milit. lang., a looker-out, spy, scout, explorer, éclaireur (syn. explorator).

  1. I. Lit.: speculator, quem mittimus ante, ut respiciat quae volumus, Varr. L. L. 6, § 82 Müll.: repentinus, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 63, § 164; Caes. B. G. 2, 11; 5, 49 fin.; Cic. N. D. 2, 56, 140; Sall. J. 101, 1; 106, 2; Liv. 3, 40, 13; 22, 33, 1; 28, 2, 2 al.
    These scouts formed a special division in each legion, Auct. B. Hisp. 13; Tac. H. 1, 25; Inscr. Orell. 1222; 3518 al.
    Under the emperors they were employed as special adjutants, messengers, and body-guards of a general, Suet. Calig. 44; Tac. H. 2, 73; Suet. Aug. 74; id. Claud. 35; id. Galb. 18; id. Oth. 5; Tac. H. 1, 24 Lips.; 2, 11; 2, 33; Sen. Ira, 1, 16, 15; id. Ben. 3, 25; Vulg. Marc. 6, 27 (where the Greek has also σπεκουλάτωρ) al.
  2. II. Transf., in gen., a searcher, explorer, investigator, examiner: physicus, id est speculator venatorque naturae, Cic. N. D. 1, 30, 83; id. Div. in Caecil. 16, 51: ad has excipiendas voces speculator ex convivis Persei missus, Liv. 40, 7: Cleonis fuisse publice praepositos χαλαζοφύλακας, speculatores futurae grandinis, Sen. Q. N. 4, 6, 1: quo tu matutinus speculator amicae? Prop. 2, 29 (3, 27), 31: apes consumptis in proximo floribus speculatores ad pabula ulteriora mittunt, Plin. 11, 8, 8, § 19: Fabius cautā speculator mente futuri, Sil. 1, 679.

Sphinga (Spin-), ae, f., = Sphinx (late Lat.), Aug. Civ. Dei, 18, 13.
Plur., Hyg. Fab. 67; Sid. Ep. 5, 7; Isid. 12, 2, 32.

sphinthrĭa or spintrĭa, ae, m. [from σφιγκτήρ, the contractile muscle of the anus], a male prostitute, Tac. A. 6, 1; Suet. Tib. 43; id. Calig. 16; id. Vit. 3 fin.; cf. Aus. Epigr. 119.

spīca, ae (vulg. spēca: rustici, ut acceperunt antiquitus, vocant specam, Varr. R. R. 1, 48, 2.
Neutr. collat. form spī-cum, Varr. ap. Non. 225, 30; Cic. Sen. 15, 51, acc. to Non. 225, 29; Cic. poët. N. D. 2, 42, 110.
Masc. collat. form spīcus, Poët. ap. Fest. s. v. spicum, p. 333 Müll.), f. [root spi-, to be sharp; Gr. σπίλος, rock; σπινός, lean].

  1. I. Prop., a point; hence, in partic., of grain, an ear, spike (syn. arista), Varr. R. R. 1, 48; 1, 63, 2; Cic. Fin. 5, 30, 91; 4, 14, 37; Plin. 18, 7, 10, § 56; Cat. 19, 11: Cererem in spicis intercipit, Ov. M. 8, 292; 9, 689: distendet spicis horrea plena Ceres, Tib. 2, 5, 84: spicas hordaceas gerenti, App. M. 7, p. 191.
    Prov.: his qui contentus non est, in litus harenas, In segetem spicas, in mare fundat aquas, Ov. Tr. 5, 6, 44.
  2. II. Transf., of things of a similar shape.
    1. A. A top, tuft, head of other plants, Cato, R. R. 70, 1; Col. 8, 5, 21; Plin. 21, 8, 23, § 47; 22, 25, 79, § 161; Prop. 4 (5), 6, 74; Ov. F. 1, 76.
    2. B. The brightest star in the constellation Virgo, Cic. poët. N. D. 2, 42, 110; German. Arat. 97; Col. 11, 2, 65; Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 311; Manil. 5, 269.
    3. C. Spica testacea, a kind of brick for pavements, laid so as to imitate the setting of the grains in an ear of corn, Vitr. 7, 1 fin.; cf. spicatus, under spico.
    4. D. Spicus crinalis, a hair-pin, Mart. Cap. 9, § 903 (al. spicum crinale, al. crinale spiclum; but in Lucr. 3, 198, the better reading is spiritus acer, v. Lachm. ad h. l.).

spīcātus, a, um, Part., v. spico.

spīcĕus, a, um, adj. [spica], consisting of ears of corn (poet. and in post-Aug. prose): corona, Tib. 1, 1, 16 (24); Hor. C. S. 30; Plin. 18, 2, 2, § 6; Sabin. Massur. ap. Gell. 6, 7, 8; cf. serta, Tib. 1, 10, 22; Ov. M. 2, 28; 10, 433; id. Am. 3, 10, 36; Claud. B. Gild. 136: messis, i. e. of grain, Verg. G. 1, 314: frux, Aus. Monos. de Cibis: coma, i. e. the ears, Prop. 4 (5), 2, 14.

spīcĭfer, fĕra, fĕrum, adj. [spica-fero], ear-bearing, a poet. epithet of Ceres, Manil. 2, 442; Sen. Herc. Oet. 598.
Of the Nile, Mart. 10, 74, 9; Sil. 3, 403.

spīcĭlĕgĭum, ii, n. [spica-lego], a gleaning, leasing of ears of corn after gathering (very rare): messi facta spicilegium venire oportet, Varr. R. R. 1, 53; id. L. L. 7, § 109 Müll.

spĭcĭo, ĕre, v. specio.

spiclum, i, v. spiculum.

spīco, no perf., ātum, 1, v. a. [spica], to furnish with spikes or ears (post-Aug., and usually in the part. perf.): grana in stipulā crinito textu spicantur, shoot out or put forth ears, Plin. 18, 7, 10, § 60: chamaecissos spicata est tritici modo, id. 24, 15, 84, § 135: herbarum spicatarum genus, id. 21, 17, 61, § 101: testacea spicata, a pavement of bricks, laid in the shape of ears of corn, Vitr. 7, 1 med.; Plin. 36, 25, 62, § 187: quam longa exigui spicant hastilia dentes, sharpen to a point, Grat. Cyn. 118: spicatae faces, id. ib. 484: animantes spicatae aculeis, Min. Octav. 17 fin.

spīcŭla, ae, f. dim. [spica], a plant, called also chamaepitys, ground-pine, App. Herb. 26.

spīcŭlātor, v. speculator.

spīcŭlo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [spiculum], to sharpen to a point, to point (post-Aug. and very rare): telum, Plin. 11, 2, 1, § 3: mantichorae cauda spiculata, Sol. 52, § 37.

spīcŭlum (contr. spīclum, perh. Mart. Cap. 9, § 903, or p. 306 Grot., where, however, Kopp and others read spicum; v. spica, II. D.), i, n. dim. [spicum], a little sharp point or sting (syn.: mucro, acus, aculeus).

  1. I. Lit.
    1. A. In gen., of bees, Verg. G. 4, 237; 4, 74.
      Of a scorpion, Ov. F. 5, 542: (scorpio) solus (insectorum) habet in caudā spiculum, Plin. 11, 28, 34, § 100.
      Of hornets, Ov. M. 11, 335: rosarum spicula, thorns, Mart. Cap. 2, § 132.
    2. B. In partic., the point of a missile weapon (as a dart, arrow, etc.): Epaminondas tum denique sibi avelli jubet spiculum, posteaquam, etc., Cic. Fam. 5, 12, 5; cf. Quint. 5, 10, 51; 5, 12, 2: hastarum spicula, Ov. M. 8, 375: bipalme spiculum, Liv. 42, 65, 9: calami spicula Gnosii Vitabis, Hor. C. 1, 15, 17: L. Crassus spiculis prope scrutatus est Alpes, Cic. Pis. 26, 62: spicula sagittae, barbs, Cels. 7, 5, n. 2.
  2. II. Meton. (pars pro toto), a dart, arrow (syn. jaculum): Laoedaemonii suos omnes agros esse dictitarunt, quos spiculo possent attingere, Cic. Rep. 3, 9, 15; so of a javelin, Verg. A. 7, 165; 7, 687; of an arrow, id. E. 10, 60; id. A. 7, 497; Ov. M. 12, 601; 12, 606; 13, 54; Sil. 17, 133; 3, 273; cf. Plin. 27, 13, 115, § 141; of Cupid’s arrow, Prop. 2, 13 (3, 4), 2; Ov. Am. 1, 1, 22; id. A. A. 2, 708 al.
    Also a later name for the pilum: quod pilum vocabant, nunc spiculum dicitur, Veg. Mil. 2, 15.
    Poet.: solis, a ray or beam of the sun, Prud. Cath. 2, 6.

* spīcŭlus, a, um, adj. [spiculum], pointed: non lucernae spiculo lumine opus est, Tert. Pudic. 7 fin.

spīcum and spīcus, i, v. spica init.

spīna, ae, f. [root spī, whence also spicna, spīca, spinus], a thorn.

  1. I. Lit.: cum lubrica serpens Exuit in spinis vestem, Lucr. 4, 61; cf. Prop. 4 (5), 5, 1; Verg. E. 5, 39; Col. 3, 11, 5; Plin. 21, 15, 54, § 91 al.: consertum tegumen spinis, Verg. A. 3, 594; cf. Ov. M. 14, 166; id. P. 2, 2, 36; Tac. G. 17.
    Of particular kinds of thorny plants or shrubs: solstitialis, Col. 2, 18, 1: alba, whitethorn, hawthorn, id. 7, 7, 2; 7, 9, 6; 3, 11, 5; Plin. 21, 11, 39, § 68; 24, 12, 66, § 108: Aegyptia, the Egyptian blackthorn or sloe, id. 13, 11, 20, § 66; 24, 12, 65, § 107: Arabica, Arabian acacia, id. 24, 12, 65, § 107.
    1. B. Transf., of things of a like shape.
      1. 1. A prickle or spine of certain animals (as the hedgehog, sea-urchin, etc.): animantium aliae coriis tectae sunt, aliae villis vestitae, aliae spinis hirsutae, Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 121: hystrices spinā contectae (with aculei), Plin. 8, 35, 53, § 125; 9, 59, 85, § 182: spinā nocuus, Ov. Hal. 130.
      2. 2. A fish-bone: humus spinis cooperta piscium, Quint. 8, 3, 66; Ov. M. 8, 244.
      3. 3. The backbone, spine: caput spina excipit: ea constat ex vertebris quattuor et viginti, etc., Cels. 8, 1; 8, 9, 2; 8, 14; Plin. 11, 37, 68, § 179; Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 5; Col. 6, 29, 2; Verg. G. 3, 87; Ov. M. 8, 806: dorsi spina, Aug. Civ. Dei, 19, 4, n. 2: spina quae est in dorso, Gell. 3, 10, 7.
        Hence, poet., the back, Ov. M. 6, 380; 3, 66; 3, 672.
      4. 4. Spina, a low wall dividing the circus lengthwise, around which was the race-course; the barrier, Cassiod. Var. 3, 51; Schol. Juv. 6, 588.
      5. 5. A toothpick: argentea, Petr. 32 fin.
  2. II. Trop., in plur.
      1. 1. Thorns, i. e. difficulties, subtleties, perplexities in speaking and debating (class.): disserendi spinae, Cic. Fin. 4, 28, 79; cf.: partiendi et definiendi, subtleties, intricacies, id. Tusc. 4, 5, 9; cf.: hominum more non spinas vellentium, ut Stoici, id. Fin. 4, 3, 6.
      2. 2. Cares: certemus, spinas animone ego fortius an tu Evellas agro, Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 4.
      3. 3. Errors: quid te exemta juvat spinis de pluribus una, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 212.

spīnālis, e, adj. [spina, I. B. 3.], of or belonging to the spine, spinal (late Lat.): medulla, Macr. S. 7, 9, §§ 22, 24.

spīnĕa, ae, f. (another name for spionia), a kind of vine, Plin. 14, 2, 4, § 34.

spīnĕŏla, ae, f. dim. [spina], a kind of small-leaved rose, Plin. 21, 4, 10, § 16.

* spīnesco, ĕre, v. n. inch. [id.], to grow thorny, Mart. Cap. 6, § 704.

spīnētum, i, n. [spina], a thorn hedge, a thicket of thorns.

  1. I. Lit., Verg. E. 2, 9; Plin. 10, 74, 95, § 204: spineta sentesque, Sen. Ira, 2, 10, 4.
  2. II. Trop.: Aristotelis spineta, Hier. in Helv. 2.

spīnĕus, a, um, adj. [spina], of or made of thorns, thorny (very rare): vincula, Ov. M. 2, 789: frutices, Sol. 7 fin.

Spīnĭensis, is, m. [spina], a deity that guarded the fields against thorns, Aug. Civ. Dei, 4, 21 fin.

spīnĭfer, fĕra, fĕrum, adj. [spina-fero], thorn-bearing, thorny, prickly: pruni, Pall. Insit. 81: rubus, Prud. Cath. 5, 31: cauda Pistricis, Cic. Arat. 178 (al. spinigera).

* spīnĭger, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. [spina-gero], thorn-bearing, thorny: stirpes, Prud. στεφ. 11, 119.

Spīno, ōnis, m., a small stream near Rome, to which divine honors were paid, Cic. N. D. 3, 20, 52.

spīnōsĭtas, ātis, f., thorniness (late Lat.), Jul. ap. Aug. c. Sec. Resp. Jul. 6, 29.

spīnōsŭlus, a, um, adj. dim. [spinosus], somewhat thorny; hence, trop., in disputation, obscure, confused (late Lat.), Hier. Ep. 69, 2.

spīnōsus, a, um, adj. [spina], full of thorns or prickles, thorny, prickly.

  1. I. Lit.: caprae in spinosis locis pascuntur, Varr. R. R. 2, 3, 8: herbae, Ov. M. 2, 810: frutecta, Plin. 30, 11, 30, § 101: caulis, id. 19, 3, 17, § 47: folia, id. 20, 23, 99, § 262: cortex, id. 12, 15, 34, § 67: spinosior arbor, id. 24, 12, 67, § 109: fragmenta vertebrae, Cels. 8, 9 fin.
  2. II. Trop., thorny.
      1. 1. Of style, harsh, crabbed, obscure, confused, perplexed: Stoicorum spinosum disserendi genus, Cic. Fin. 3, 1, 3: oratio, id. de Or. 1, 18, 83.
        Comp.: haec enim spinosiora prius ut confitear me cogunt, Cic. Tusc. 1, 8, 16; id. Or. 32, 114; Varr. L. L. 8, § 51 Müll.
        Sup.: praeceptorum nodosissimae et spinosissimae disciplinae, Aug. Doctr. Chr. 2, 37.
      2. 2. Of cares, stinging, galling. irritating: curae, Cat. 64, 72; cf. spina, II.

spinter (spinther), ēris, n. [prob. from σφιγκτήρ], a kind of bracelet which kept its place on the arm by its own elasticity: spinter, genus armillae quod mulieres antiquae gerere solebant bracchio summo sinistro, Fest. p. 333 Müll.: jubeas spinter novom reconcinnarier, Plaut. Men. 3, 3, 4 sq.; 4, 3, 8 sq.; 5, 2, 56; cf. Prisc. p. 646 P.

Spinthărus, i, m.

  1. I. A slave and amanuensis of Cicero, Cic. Att. 13, 25, 3 fin.
  2. II. An athlete, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 68.

1. spinther, v. spinter.

2. Spinther, ēris, m., a Roman surname, e. g. P. Cornelius Spinther, Val. Max. 9, 14, 4; Plin. 7, 12, 10, § 54; Quint. 6, 3, 57.

spintrĭa, v. sphintria.

Spintum, i, n., a town of Ethiopia, Plin. 6, 29, 35, § 180.

* spinturnīcĭum, ii, n. dim. [spinturnix], a little bird of ill-omen, Plaut. Mil. 4, 1, 42.

spinturnix, īcis, f. [σπινθαρίς], an unsightly bird, otherwise unknown, Poët. ap. Fest. p. 330 sq. Müll.; Plin. 10, 13, 17, § 36.

spīnŭla, ae, f. dim. [spina] (post-class.).

  1. I. A little thorn, Arn. 2, 49.
  2. * II. (Acc. to spina, I. B. 3.) A little backbone or spine, App. M. 10, p. 255, 2.

spīnus, i (abl. spinu, Varr. ap. Charis. p. 117 P.), f. [spina], a blackthorn, sloe-tree: Prunus spinosa, Linn.; Verg. G. 4, 145; Pall. Febr. 25, 6; id. Insit. 63.

Spīo, ūs, f., = Σπειώ, a sea-nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris, Verg. G. 4, 338; id. A. 5, 826.

spĭŏnĭa, ae, f., a kind of grape-vine, Col. 3, 2, 27; 3, 7, 1; 3, 21, 3: vitis, Plin. 14, 2, 4, § 34.

spĭŏnĭcus, a, um, adj. [spionia], of or belonging to the spionia: gustus, Col. 3, 21, 10.

spīra, ae, f., = σπεῖρα.

  1. I. That which is wound, wreathed, coiled, or twisted; a coil, fold, twist, spire (cf. orbis); of a serpent, Verg. G. 2, 154; id. A. 2, 217; Ov. M. 3, 77.
    Of the grain of wood, Plin. 16, 39, 76, § 198.
    Of the intestines, Lact. Opif. Dei, 11, § 16.
  2. II. Concr.: spira dicitur et basis columnae unius tori aut duorum, et genus operis pistorii, et funis nauticus in orbem convolutus, ab eādem omnes similitudine. Pacuvius: Quid cessatis, socii, ejicere spiras sparteas? Ennius quidem hominum multitudinem ita appellat, cum ait: spiras legionibus nexunt, Fest. p. 300 Müll. (Ann. v. 501 Vahl., where the read. is nexit).
    So,
    1. A. The base of a column, Vitr. 3, 3; 4, 1; Plin. 36, 23, 56, § 179.
    2. B. A kind of twisted cake, a twist, cracknel, Cato, R. R. 77.
    3. C. A coil of rope, Pac. ap. Fest. l. l.
    4. D. A braid of hair, Plin. 9, 35, 58, § 117; Val. Fl. 6, 396.
    5. E. A twisted tie for fastening the hat under the chin, Juv. 8, 208.
  3. F. A confused crowd of men, Enn. ap. Fest. l. l.

spīrābĭlis, e, adj. [spiro], that may be breathed, good to breathe, breathable, respirable.

  1. I. Lit.: terra circumfusa undique est hac animali spirabilique naturā, cui nomen est aër, Cic. N. D. 2, 36, 91; cf. id. ib. 2, 6, 18; id. Tusc. 1, 17, 40; 1, 29, 70.
  2. II. Transf.
    1. * A. Pass., that serves to sustain life, vital: per sidera testor, caeli spirabile lumen, Verg. A. 3, 600.
    2. * B. Act., that can breathe, fitted for breathing, respiratory: viscera, Plin. 9, 7, 6, § 17.

spīrācŭlum, i, n. [spiro], a breathinghole, air-hole, vent, spiracle (poet. and in post-Aug. prose), Lucr. 6, 493; Verg. A. 7, 568; Plin. 2, 93, 95, § 208; Val. Fl. 3, 553; Pall. Jun. 7, 8; id. Oct. 14, 16.
Also breath: vitae, Vulg. Gen. 2, 7; 7, 22.

spīraea, ae, f., = σπειραία, the herb meadowsweet: Spiraea, Linn.; Plin. 21, 9, 29, § 53.

Spīraeum, i, n., a promontory of Argolis, on the Saronic Gulf, Plin. 4, 5, 9, § 18; 4, 12, 19, § 57.

spīrāmen, ĭnis, n. [spiro].

  1. I. A breathing-hole, passage for the breath, air-hole, thrill, vent (poet. and very rare): spiramina Naris, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 691 P. (Ann. v. 265 Vahl.); Luc. 2, 183: sunt qui spiramina terris Esse putant, id. 10, 247; cf.: spiramina laxanda, Plin. 32, 10, 42, § 123.
  2. II. Abstr., a breathing, blowing (poet. and in post-class. prose), Luc. 6, 90: ventorum spiramina, Amm. 17, 7, 11: reficit spiramina fessi ignis, Stat. Th. 12, 268: lacessitus longo spiraminis actu, Claud. Magn. 36: interclusis spiraminibus interire, Arn. 2, 133.
    Of the Holy Ghost, Rust. Help. Carm. 77.

spīrāmentum, i, n. [spiro] (poet. and in post-Aug. prose).

  1. I. A breathing-hole, airhole, vent, pore, spiracle.
    1. A. Lit.: caeca relaxat Spiramenta, Verg. G. 1, 90: (apes) in tectis certatim tenuia cera Spiramenta linunt, id. ib. 4, 39: cavernarum (Aetnae), Just. 4, 1, 6; cf. Ov. M. 15, 343 (for which, shortly after: spirandi viae): talparum, Pall. 1, 35, 10: animae, i. e. the lungs, Verg. A. 9, 580: dato per cavernas radicibus spiramento, Plin. 12, 3, 7, § 16.
    2. B. Trop., a breathing space, i. e. a brief pause or interval, an instant: intervalla ac spiramenta temporum, Tac. Agr. 44 fin.: sine spiramento vel morā, Amm. 29, 1, 40; 14, 7, 15.
  2. II. A breathing, blowing, exhaling, Vitr. 7, 12; Macr. S. praef. 1 med.: venti, a draught, Vitr. 4, 7.

spīrātĭo, ōnis, f. [spiro].

  1. I. Lit., a breathing (post-class.), Scrib. Comp. 47; 180.
  2. II. Transf., the breath: odor spirationis, Scrib. Comp. 185; 197.

* spīrātus, ūs, m. [spiro], a breathing, breath, Plin. 11, 3, 2, § 6.

Spīrĭdĭon, ōnis, m., = Σπειριδίων, a surname of the rhetorician Glycon, Quint. § 1, 41 Spald.; Sen. Contr. 35 fin.

spīrĭtālis or spīrĭtŭālis (the MSS. vary between the two forms), e, adj. [spiritus].

  1. I. Of or belonging to breathing, to wind, or to air (post-Aug.): machinarum genus spiritale, quod apud eos (Graecos) πνευματικόν appellatur, a kind of wind-instrument, Vitr. 10, 1: partes pulmonis, Veg. 5, 75, 1: fistula, an air-passage, Lact. Opif. Dei, 11: arteriae, Arn. 3, 108.
  2. II. Of or belonging to spirit, spiritual (eccl. Lat.): substantiae quaedam, Tert. Apol. 22: bellum, id. adv. Marc. 4, 20: si spiritali lacte pectus irriges, Prud. στεφ. 10, 13; Vulg. Gal. 6, 1; id. 1 Cor. 15, 44.
    Hence, adv.: spīrĭtālĭter (spīrĭtŭāl-), spiritually: caro spiritaliter mundatur, Tert. Paptism. 4 fin., Vulg. 1 Cor. 2, 14; id. Apoc. 11, 8.

spīrĭtālĭtas (spīrĭtŭāl-), ātis, f. [spiritalis, II.], spirituality (eccl. Lat.), Tert. adv. Marc. 5, 8 med.; Alcim. Ep. 12.

spīrĭtālĭter, adv., v. spiritalis fin.

spīrĭtŭālis, spīrĭtŭālĭter, and spīrĭtŭālĭtas, v. spirital-.

spīrĭtus, ūs (scanned spĭrĭtus, Sedul. Hymn. 1 fin.; dat. SPIRITO, Inscr. Orell. 3030; gen., dat., and abl. plur. only eccl. and late Lat., e. g. spirituum, Vulg. Marc. 6, 7: spiritibus, Aug. Serm. 216, 11 fin.; Vulg. Luc. 8, 2), m. [spiro], a breathing or gentle blowing of air, a breath, breeze (syn.: aura, flatus).

  1. I. Lit.
    1. A. In gen.: spiritum a vento modus separat: vehementior enim spiritus ventus est, invicem spiritus leviter fluens aër, Sen. Q. N. 5, 13, 4; cf. Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 5: spiritus Austri Imbricitor, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2 (Ann. v. 423 Vahl.), Cic. poët. N. D. 2, 44, 114: Boreae, Verg. A. 12, 365: quo spiritus non pervenit, Varr. R. R. 1, 57, 2; cf.: silentis vel placidi spiritus dies, Col. 3, 19 fin.: alvus cum multo spiritu redditur, Cels. 2, 7 med.
    2. B. In partic.
      1. 1. The air: imber et ignis, spiritus et gravis terra, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 37 Müll. (Ann. v. 511 Vahl.): proximum (igni) spiritus, quem Graeci nostrique eodem vocabulo aëra appellant, Plin. 2, 5, 4, § 10: quid tam est commune quam spiritus vivis? Cic. Rosc. Am. 26, 72; cf. Quint. 12, 11, 13: potestne tibi haec lux, Catilina, aut hujus caeli spiritus esse jucundus? Cic. Cat. 1, 6, 15.
      2. 2. An exhalation, smell, odor: spiritus unguenti suavis, Lucr. 3, 222: foedi odoris, Cels. 5, 26, 31 fin.: florum, Gell. 9, 4, 10: sulfuris, Pall. Aug. 9, 1; cf. Hor. C. 3, 11, 19.
      3. 3. Breathed air, a breath: quojus tu legiones difflavisti spiritu, Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 17.
        Absol.: (equus) saepe jubam quassit simul altam: Spiritus ex animā calida spumas agit albas, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 3 (Ann. v. 507 Vahl.): creber spiritus, Lucr. 6, 1186: ardentes oculi atque attractus ab alto Spiritus, Verg. G. 3, 505: petitus imo spiritus, Hor. Epod. 11, 10: in pulmonibus inest raritasad hauriendum spiritum aptissima, Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 136: diffunditur spiritus per arterias, id. ib. 2, 55, 138: animantium vita tenetur, cibo, potione, spiritu, id. ib. 2, 54, 134: si spiritum ducit, vivit, id. Inv. 1, 46, 86: tranquillum atque otiosum spiritum ducere, id. Arch. 12, 30: longissima est complexio verborum, quae volvi uno spiritu potest, id. de Or. 3, 47, 182: versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare, id. ib. 1, 61, 261: spiritus nec crebro receptus concidat sententiam, nec eo usque trahatur, donec deficiat, Quint. 11, 3, 53: lusit vir egregius (Socrates) extremo spiritu, Cic. Tusc. 1, 40, 96; cf. id. Sest. 37, 79: quorum usque ad extremum spiritum est provecta prudentia, id. Sen. 9, 27: quos idem Deus de suis spiritibus figuravit, Lact. Epit. 42, 3.
        With gen.: ut filiorum suorum postremum spiritum ore excipere liceret, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 45, § 118; Cels. 4, 4; 3, 27; Col. 6, 9, 3; Quint. 9, 4, 68; 11, 3, 32; 11, 3, 53 sq.
    3. C. Transf.
      1. 1. In abstr., a breathing: aspera arteria excipiat animam eam, quae ducta sit spiritu, Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; cf. id. ib. 2, 55, 138: aër spiritu ductus alit et sustentat animantes, id. ib. 2, 39, 101: crevit onus neque habet quas ducat spiritus auras, Ov. M. 12, 517.
        Esp.: spiritum intercludere (includere), to stop the breath, suffocate, choke, etc.: lacrimae spiritum et vocem intercluserunt, Liv. 40, 16, 1; 40, 24, 7; so, includere, id. 21, 58, 4.
      2. 2. The breath of a god, inspiration: haec fieri non possent, nisi ea uno divino et continuato spiritu continerentur, by a divine inspiration, Cic. N. D. 2, 7, 19; 3, 11, 28; cf.: poëtam quasi divino quodam spiritu inflari, id. Arch. 8, 18.
      3. 3. The breath of life, life: eum spiritum, quem naturae debeat, patriae reddere, Cic. Phil. 10, 10, 20: vos vero qui extremum spiritum in victoriā effudistis, id. ib. 14, 12, 32: dum spiritus hos regit artus, Verg. A. 4, 336; cf. Hor. C. 4, 8, 14: ne cum sensu doloris aliquo spiritus auferatur, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 45, § 118: aliquem spiritu privare, Vell. 2, 87, 2: merula spiritum reddidit, to expire, die, id. 2, 22, 2: spiritus tenues vanescat in auras, Ov. H. 12, 85: non effundere mihi spiritum videbar, sed tradere, Sen. Ep. 78, 4: novissimum spiritum per ludibrium effundere, Tac. H. 3, 66 fin.; cf. supra, I. B.
      4. 4. Poet., = suspirium, a sigh, Prop. 1, 16, 32; 2, 29 (3, 27), 38.
      5. 5. In gram., a breathing or aspiration (asper and lenis), Prisc. p. 572 P.; Aus. Idyll. 12 de Monos. Graec. et Lat. 19.
      6. 6. The hiss of a snake, Verg. Cul. 180.
  2. II. Trop.
    1. A. (Class.) A haughty spirit, haughtiness, pride, arrogance; also, spirit, high spirit, energy, courage (esp. freq. in the plur.; syn. animi).
          1. (α) Sing. (in the best prose only in gen. and abl., which are wanting in plur.): regio spiritu, Cic. Agr. 2, 34, 93: quem hominem! quā irā! quo spiritu! id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 6: illos ejus spiritus Siciliensis, id. Verr. 2, 3, 9, § 22: tantum fiduciae ac spiritūs, Caes. B. C. 3, 72: filia Hieronis, inflata adhuc regiis animis ac muliebri spiritu, Liv. 24, 22: patricii spiritūs animus, id. 4, 42, 5: ex magnitudine rerum spiritum ducat, Quint. 1, 8, 5: corpore majorem rides Turbonis in armis Spiritum et incessum, Hor. S. 2, 3, 311: cecidit spiritus ille tuus, Prop. 2, 3, 2: spiritu divino tactus, Liv. 5, 22, 5: non negaverim fuisse alti spiritūs viros, Sen. Ep. 90, 14.
          2. (β) Plur.: res gestae, credo, meae me nimis extulerunt ac mihi nescio quos spiritus attulerunt, Cic. Sull. 9, 27: noratis animos ejus ac spiritus tribunicios, etc., id. Clu. 39, 109; cf.: unius tribuni militum animos ac spiritus, id. Imp. Pomp. 22, 66: tantos sibi spiritus, sumpserat, ut ferendus non videretur, Caes. B. G. 1, 33 fin. in re militari sumere, id. ib. 2, 4: nam Dion regios spiritus repressit, Nep. Dion, 5, 5: cum spiritus plebes sumpsisset, Liv. 4, 54: si cui honores subdere spiritus potuerunt, id. 7, 40: remittant spiritus, comprimant animos suos, sedent arrogantiam, etc., Cic. Fl. 22, 53: spiritus feroces, Liv. 1, 31: quorum se vim ac spiritus fregisse, id. 26, 24: cohibuit spiritus ejus Thrasea, Tac. A. 16, 26: Antipater, qui probe nosset spiritus ejus, Curt. 6, 1, 19.
    2. B. (Mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose.) Spirit, soul, mind.
          1. (α) Sing.: quoslibet occupat artus Spiritus, Ov. M. 15, 167; Tac. A. 16, 34: spiritum Phoebus mihi, Phoebus artem Carminis dedit, poetic spirit or inspiration, Hor. C. 4, 6, 29; cf.: mihi Spiritum Graiae tenuem Camenae Parca non mendax dedit, id. ib. 2, 16, 38: qualis Pindarico spiritus ore tonat, Prop. 3, 17 (4, 16), 40: imperator generosi spiritŭs, Plin. 8, 40, 61, § 149: avidus (i. e. τὸ ἐπιθυμητικόν, the desiring, coveting soul), Hor. C. 2, 2, 10: quidam comoedia necne poëma Esset, quaesivere: quod acer spiritus ac vis Nec verbis nec rebus inest, Hor. S. 1, 4, 46: majoris operis ac spiritūs, Quint. 1, 9, 15: alti spiritūs plena, id. 10, 1, 44: virtus magni spiritus est et recti, Sen. Ep. 74, 29: qui spiritus illi, Quis vultus vocisque sonus, Verg. A. 5, 648.
          2. (β) Plur.: Coriolanus hostiles jam tum spiritus gerens, Liv. 2, 35; Curt. 5, 8, 17.
        1. * b. Transf. (like anima, and the Engl. soul), a beloved object, Vell. 2, 123 fin.
      1. 2. Spiritus, personified, a spirit (late Lat.); so, esp., Spiritus Sanctus or simply Spiritus, the Holy Ghost, Holy Spirit, Cod. Just. 1, 1, 1; Aus. Ephem. 2, 18: jurare per Deum et per Christum et per Spiritum Sanctum, Veg. 2, 5: nocens ille Spiritus, an evil spirit, Lact. 4, 27, 12: Spiritus nigri, evil spirits, Sedul. Carm. 3, 41.

spīro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. n. and a. [etym. dub.].

  1. I. Neutr., to breathe, blow, etc. (cf. flo).
    1. A. Lit.
      1. 1. In gen. (only poet. and in postAug. prose): freta circum Fervescunt graviter spirantibus incita flabris, Lucr. 6, 428; Ov. M. 7, 532: obturatis, quā spiraturus est ventus, cavernis, Plin. 8, 38, 58, § 138: emicat ex oculis, spiratque e pectore flamma, breathes forth, bursts forth, Ov. M. 8, 356: aequatae spirant aurae, Verg. A. 5, 844: graviter spirantis copia thymbrae, strongscented, Verg. G. 4, 31; cf.: semper odoratis spirabunt floribus arae, Stat. S. 3, 3, 211: seu spirent cinnama surdum, emit a slight fragrance, Pers. 6, 35: quā vada non spirant, nec fracta remurmurat unda, roar, rage, Verg. A. 10, 291; cf.: fervet fretis spirantibus aequor, boiling up, foaming, id. G. 1, 327.
      2. 2. In partic., to breathe, draw breath, respire (the class. signif. of the word; cf. anhelo): cum spirantes mixtas hinc ducimus auras, Lucr. 6, 1129: quae deseri a me, dum quidem spirare potero, nefas judico, Cic. N. D. 3, 40, 94: ne spirare quidem sine metu possunt, id. Rosc. Am. 23, 65; id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 1: vehementer et crebro spirare, Cels. 2, 4: querulum spirat, breathes plaintively, Mart. 2, 26, 1.
        1. b. Transf.
          1. (α) Like the Engl. to breathe, = to live, be alive (usu. in the part. pres.): sunt qui ab eo (Clodio) spirante forum putent potuisse defendi, cujus non restiterit cadaveri curia (corresp. to vivus), Cic. Mil. 33, 91: ut in vivi etiam et spirantis capite bustum imponeret, id. Dom. 52, 134; cf.: margarita viva ac spirantia saxis avelli, Tac. Agr. 12 fin.: Catilina inter hostium cadavera repertus est, paululum etiam spirans, Sall. C. 61, 4: spirantia consulit exta, still panting, Verg. A. 4, 64: artus, Luc. 3, 732: corpora, id. 1, 363: non sunt ausi admovere (corpori), velut spiranti, manus, Curt. 10, 10, 13; Sil. 2, 430; cf. in verb. finit.: spirant venae corque adhuc paviduin salit, Sen. Thyest. 756.
          2. * (β) Of aspirated letters: quibus (litteris) nullae apud eos dulcius spirant, sound, Quint. 12, 10, 27.
    2. B. Trop.
      1. 1. (Acc. to I. A. 1.) To be favorable, to favor (the fig. taken from a favorable wind): quod si tam facilis spiraret Cynthia nobis, Prop. 2, 24 (3, 18), 5: di maris et terraespirate secundi, Verg. A. 3, 529.
      2. 2. (Acc. to I. A. 2.) To breathe, live, be alive: videtur Laelii mens spirare etiam in scriptis, Galbae autem vis occidisse, Cic. Brut. 24, 94; cf.: spirat adhuc amor Vivuntque calores Aeoliae puellae, Hor. C. 4, 9, 10.
        Of life-like representations by painting, sculpture, etc.: excudent alii spirantia mollius aera, Verg. A. 6, 847: Parii lapidis spirantia signa, id. G. 3, 34: spirat et arguta picta tabella manu, Mart. 7, 84, 2; 11, 10, 7.
      3. 3. To be poetically inspired, to have the lyric spirit: quod spiro, et placeo, si placeo, tuum est, Hor. C. 4, 3, 24 (Orell. ad loc.).
      4. 4. Spirare alte, altius, to be puffed up, proud, or arrogant, Flor. 2, 2, 27: Eusebium alte spirantem addixere poenae, Amm. 22, 3, 12.
  2. II. Act., to breathe out, exhale, emit (mostly poet. and post-Aug.; not in Cic.; syn. exhalo).
    1. A. Lit.: Diomedis equi spirantes naribus ignem, Lucr. 5, 29: flammam spirantes ore Chimaerae, id. 2, 705; so, flammas spirantes boves, Liv. 22, 17: flamina, Ov. F. 4, 18: Zephyros spirare secundos, Verg. A. 4, 562: tenuem animam, to breathe feebly, Val. Fl. 4, 436: ambrosiaeque comae divinum vertice odorem Spiravere, exhaled, Verg. A. 1, 404; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 2, 81.
    2. B. Trop., to breathe forth, exhale: pinguia Poppaeana, Juv. 6, 466: mendacia, id. 7, 111: ut vidit vastos telluris hiatus Divinam spirare fidem (i. e. oracula), Luc. 5, 83.
      1. 2. To breathe into: ficto Corpori animam, Lact. 2, 11, 3.
      2. 3. Transf., like the Engl. to breathe, i. e. to be full of; to show, express, manifest; to design, intend a thing (poet. and in post-Aug. prose): tantum spirantes aequo certamine bellum. Lucr. 5, 392: mollem spirare quietem, Prop. 1, 3, 7: quae spirabat amores, Hor. C. 4, 13, 19: inquietum hominem et tribunatum etiam nunc spirantem, Liv. 3, 46: fratris facta spirans, imitating, Sil. 15, 411; cf.: fratrem spirat in armis, id. 3, 740: spirantes proelia dira effigies, id. 17, 398.
        Often with neutr. adj. used adverb.: magnum, Prop. 2, 15 (3, 7), 53: majora, Curt. 6, 9, 11: immane, Verg. A. 7, 510: tragicum satis, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 166; cf. id. C. 4, 3, 24: quiddam indomitum, Flor. 1, 22, 1: cruenta, Amm. 16, 1, 5.

spīrŭla, ae, f. dim. [spira, II. B.], a small twisted cake or cracknel (post-class.), Arn. 2, 73; Serv. Verg. A. 2, 217.

spissāmentum, i, n. [spisso], that which is used to compress or stop up any thing, a stopple, plug (post-Aug.): firmiori (quam cera) spissamento opus est, Sen. Ep. 31, 1: spissamento facto de harundinum foliis, Col. 12, 49, 4: faeniculi, id. 12, 49, 4, § 6; 12, 7, 3; 12, 9, 2.

spissātĭo, ōnis, f. [spisso], condensation, packing: terram calcavit et pressit: negat quicquam esse hac spissatione efficacius, Sen. Ep. 86, 18.

spissē, adv., v. spissus fin.

spissesco, ĕre, v. inch. n. [spissus], to become thick, to thicken, condense (very rare), * Lucr. 6, 176; Cels. 5, 27, 4.

* spissĭgrădus, a, um, adj. [spissegradior], slow-paced: hos duco homines spissigradissimos, Plaut. Poen. 3, 1, 3.

spissĭtas, ātis, f. [spissus], compactness, density (post-Aug. and very rare): quercus (opp. raritas), Vitr. 2, 9 med.: tritici, Plin. 18, 30, 73, § 304.

spissĭtūdo, ĭnis, f. [spissus], thickness, density, consistency (post-Aug. and very rare): aëris crassi, Sen. Q. N. 2, 30, 4: mellis, Scrib. Comp. 4; 5: emplastri, id. ib. 81: non nimis liquida, id. ib. 37: spissitudinem ejus absolvere, Pall. 12, 17, 2.

spisso, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [spissus].

  1. I. Lit., to thicken, make thick, condense (poet. and in post-Aug. prose; esp. freq. in Pliny the elder; cf. denso): omne lac igne spissatur, Plin. 11, 41, 96, § 238; so, spissatum lac, id. 20, 7, 24, § 58: farinae modo spissatur in panem, id. 13, 4, 9, § 47: ignis densum spissatus in aëra transit, Ov. M. 15, 250; cf. Luc. 4, 77: (aquilo) sanum corpus spissat, Cels. 2, 1 med.; cf. Plin. 26, 13, 83, § 134; Sen. Ep. 90, 10.
  2. * II. Trop., to urge on, hasten an action, i. e. to perform it more rapidly: spissare officium, Petr. 140.

spissus, a, um, adj. [root spi-, to press; cf. Lith. spitu].

  1. I. Lit., thick, crowded, close, compact, dense (mostly poet and in post-Aug. prose; syn.: crassus, densas): durata ac spissa, Lucr. 2, 444: corpus, id. 6, 127: liquor, Ov. M. 12, 438: sanguis, id. ib. 11, 367: aër, id. ib. 1, 23: grando, id. ib. 9, 222 et saep.: corona Non tam spissa viris, Verg. A. 9, 509; so, coronae, Hor. A. P. 381: sedilia, id. ib. 205: theatra, id. Ep. 1, 19, 41: coma, id. C. 3, 19, 25; cf.: nemorum comae, id. ib. 4, 3, 11: ramis laurea, id. ib. 2, 15, 9: harena, Verg. A. 5, 336; cf. litus, Ov. M. 15, 718: tunica, of a close texture, Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 46: navis juncturis aquam excludentibus, Sen. Ep. 76: caligo, Ov. M. 7, 528: noctis umbrae, Verg. A. 2, 621: tenebrae, Petr. 114, 3: nubes, Ov. Am. 1, 13, 30; id. M. 5, 621; Curt. 4, 3, 16; 8, 13, 24.
    Comp.: semen, Col. 4, 33, 3: ignis, Luc. 9, 604.
    Sup.: spississima arbor (ebenus et buxus), Plin. 16, 40, 76, § 204: minimum ex nequitiā levissimumque ad alios redundat; quod pessimum ex illā est et, ut ita dicam, spississimum, domi remanet et premit habentem, Sen. Ep. 81, 21.
    1. B. Transf., of time.
      1. 1. Slow, tardy, late (rare but class.): omnia tarda et spissa, Cic. Att. 16, 18, 2; cf.: in utroque genere dicendi exitus spissi et producti esse debent, id. de Or. 2, 53, 213.
      2. 2. Spissum illud amanti est verbum, Veniet nisi venit, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 77: nihil ego spei credo, omnes res spissas facit, Caecil. ap. Non. 392, 15; Pac., Titin., and Turp. ib. sq.: haruspices si quid boni promittunt, pro spisso evenit; Id quod mali promittunt, praesentiarum est, slowly, late, Plaut. Poen. 3, 5, 47.
      3. 3. Thick, i. e. in quick succession, rapid, frequent, fast, = continuus, creber (very rare): spississima basia, Petr. 31, 1.
  2. II. Trop., hard, difficult (rare but class.): spissum sane opus et operosum, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 14, 1: si id erit spissius, id. Fam. 2, 10, 4: si est aliquanto spissius, id. de Or. 3, 36, 145.
    Hence, adv.: spissē.
      1. 1. Thickly, closely: calcare carbones, Plin. 36, 25, 63, § 188.
        Comp., Col. 2, 9, 2; Plin. 29, 2, 9, § 31.
      2. 2. Transf.
        1. a. Slowly: tu nimis spisse atque tarde incedis, Naev. ap. Non. 392, 25: habet hoc senectus, cum pigra est ipsa, ut spisse omnia videantur confieri, Pac. ib. 393, 4: cum spisse atque vix ad Antonium pervenimus, Cic. Brut. 36, 138.
          Comp.: nascimur spissius quam emorimur, Varr. ap. Non. 392, 29.
        2. * b. Rapidly: basiavit me spissius, Petr. 18, 4.

spĭthăma, ae, f., = σπιθαμή, a span (syn. palmus), Plin. 7, 2, 2, § 26.