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rē̆trō, adv. [from re and the pronominal suffix ter, as in citro, ultro, intro, etc.].

  1. I. Lit., of place, backwards, back; on the back side, behind.
        1. a. Denoting tendency, direction, with verbs or nouns of motion: multa videbis retro repulsa revorti, Lucr. 2, 130; so very often with redire, regredi, repetere, remittere, respicere, reverti, revocare, etc., v. h. vv., and cf. Drak. ad Liv. 22, 6, 7, and 27, 28, 6: vestigia retro sequor, Verg. A. 2, 753; 9, 392; 11, 405: dare lintea retro, id. ib. 3, 686: ora retro Flectit, Ov. M. 15, 685: retro inhibitā nave, Liv. 30, 10 et saep.: iter mihi retro ad Alpes versus incidit, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 15, 2; cf.: fugam retro spectante milite, Liv. 8, 19: fugit retro, Hor. C. 2, 11, 5: ne currente retro funis eat rotā, id. ib. 3, 10, 10: meretrix retro Perjura cedit, id. ib. 1, 35, 25: retro properare, Ov. H. 5, 31: unde ad hunc orbem redii, unde retro nemo, Sen. Herc. Oet. 48.
        2. b. Denoting rest (rare): est mihi in ultimis conclave aedibus quoddam retro, Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 29: quid retro atque a tergo fieret, ne laboraret, Cic. Div. 1, 24, 49: perculsis nullum retro subsidium foret, Tac. H. 2, 26: retro Marsigni, etc., id. G. 43: MEMORIAM SE VIVA FECIT SIBI … CVM AEDICVLIS ANTE ET A RETRO, Inscr. Orell. 4512.
  2. II. Trop.
    1. A. Of time, back; in time back, in past times, before, formerly: et deinceps retro usque ad Romulum, Cic. Rep. 1, 37, 58; cf.: SVPER OMNES RETRO PRINCIPES FORTISSIMO IMP. CAES., etc., Inscr. Orell. 1049; and so, OMNES RETRO PRINCIPES, ib. 1098: quodcumque retro est, is past, Hor. C. 3, 29, 46: praemissa retro nobilitas, Stat. S. 1, 4, 68; Traj. ap. Plin. Ep. 10, 118 (120): cujus vim si retro quoque velimus custodire (opp. in futurum), id. ib. 10, 115 (116) fin.: meliorum retro principum ( = superiorum), Lampr. Alex. Sev. 34: cum id ab aliis retro factum recordarer, Tert. Uxor. 2, 2: Hebraei retro, qui nunc Judaei, id. Apol. 18.
    2. B. In other relations, back, behind, in return, on the contrary, on the other hand, vice versa: ab imā (voce) ad summam ac retro multi sunt gradus, Quint. 11, 3, 15: ut omnia, quae sine eā (honestate) sint, longe retro ponenda censeat, Cic. Tusc. 5, 31, 87: rursum versus retroque, id. Part. 7, 24; cf.: vide rursus retro, id. Fin. 5, 28, 83: sic omnia fatis In pejus ruere, ac retro sublapsa referri, i. e. against one’s efforts or wish, Verg. G. 1, 200; cf.: retro vivere, Sen. Ep. 122 fin.: si malum perfidia, non est fallendum. Idem retro, Quint. 5, 10, 74: fructus hominis in operis consistit et retro in fructu hominis operae sunt, Dig. 7, 7, 4; cf. ib. 46, 1, 21; 46, 3, 67 et saep.
      Note: The words containing retro in composition (except retroversus and retrorsus) are post-Aug.; they are sometimes written separately.

rē̆trŏ-ăgo, ēgi, actum, 3, v. a., to drive back, to turn back, etc. (post-Aug.; esp. freq. in Quint.).

  1. I. Lit.: capillos a fronte contra naturam, to push back, Quint. 11, 3, 160: vasta flumina, Mel. 3, 1, 1.
  2. II. Trop.: honores, Plin. 7, 44, 45, § 145: rursus litteras (opp. recto contextu), to go through or repeat backwards, Quint. 1, 1, 25: ordinem, to reverse, id. 12, 2, 10: expositionem, id. 2, 4, 15: iram, to turn aside, Sen. Ira, 1, 16, 10: huic (dactylo) temporibus parem sed retroactum, appellari constat anapaeston, reversed, inverted, Quint. 9, 4, 81.

rē̆trō-cēdo (or separate, rē̆tro cēdo), ĕre, v. n., to go back, retire, recede, Liv. 8, 8, 9 (Weissenb. retro cedentes); Curt. 3, 8, 17; 7, 4, 4.

retrōcessio, ōnis, f., = retrocessus, Aug. Quant. Anim. 37.

rē̆trō-cessus, ūs, m. [cedo], a going back or backwards, retrocession (opp. processus), App. Dogm. Plat. 1, p. 5 fin.

retrō-dūco, xi, ctum, 3, v. a., to bring or draw back, Vitr. 10, 6 fin.; Dig. 34, 5, 16.

rē̆trŏ-ĕo, īre, v. n., to go back or backwards, to recede, retire, Sen. Q. N. 7, 21, 1; Plin. 2, 16, 13, § 70.

rē̆trō-flecto, xi, 3, v. a., to bend or turn back (post-Aug.): capillos, Petr. 126, 15.

rē̆trōgrădātĭo, ōnis, f. [retrogradior], a going back, retrograding (late Lat.), Mart. Cap. 8, § 881: stellarum, Isid. Orig. 3, p. 83.

rē̆trō-grădĭor, di, v. dep. n. (collat. form rē̆trōgrădo, āre, v. n., Mart. Cap. 8, § 887), to go back or backwards, to retrograde, Plin. 8, 15, 16, § 39; of the retrograde motion of the stars, id. 2, 15, 12, § 61; 2, 17, 14, § 76; Mart. Cap. 8, § 883.

* rē̆trōgrădis, e, v. retrogradus init.

rē̆trōgrădo, āre, v. retrogradior init.

rē̆trōgrădus, a, um (collat. form rē̆-trōgrădis, e, App. M. 4, p. 151), adj. [retrogradior], going back or backwards, retrograde; usually of the stars, Sen. Q. N. 7, 25; Plin. 2, 17, 15, § 77; Sid. Ep. 8, 11: carmen retrogradum (i. e. reciprocum), Aug. Civ. Dei, 17, 15: retrogradis fuga, App. l. l.

rē̆trōgressus, ūs, m. [retrogradior], a retrograde movement, retrogression of the sun (post-class.), Macr. S. 1, 17.

* rē̆trō-pendŭlus, a, um, adj., hanging back or backwards: crinium globi (opp. antependuli), App. M. 5, p. 168, 22.

rē̆trōrsum and rē̆trōrsus, v. retroversus.

rē̆trōsĭor, v. retroversus, B.

rē̆trō-spĭcĭo, cĕre, v. a. [specio], to look back at: orbem lunae (sol), Vitr. 9, 4.

* rē̆trōversim, adv. [retroversus], backwards: cedentes radii, Claud. Mam. Stat. An. 1, 7.

rē̆trō-versus or -sum (-vorsus, and sync. rē̆trōrsus, -sum, also rē̆-trōsus, Tert. Apol. 19), a, um, adj. [verto], turned back or backwards (adj. very rare, but freq. as adv.; v. infra).

        1. (α) Form rē̆-trōversus: Medusae Ipse retroversus squalentia prodidit ora, Ov. M. 4, 655: retroversi ortus omen, Sol. 4.
          Trop.: argumentum, confuted, Lact. 1, 16 fin.
        2. (β) Form rē̆trōrsus: retrorsā manu, Plin. 26, 9, 60, § 93: denique saepe retrorsa respiciens (mulier) substitit, App. M. 2, 6 Hild. p. 101 Oud. (retrorsus, p. 101 Elm.).
  1. B. Trop., back, as to time, former, earlier; so only in comp.: retrosior, older, Tert. Apol. 19.
    Hence, adv., in four forms: retrorsum (the predom. one, class.), retrorsus, retrovorsum, and retroversus, back, backwards, behind.
  1. I. Lit.
          1. (α) Form rē̆trōrsum: me vestigia terrent, Omnia te adversum spectantia, nulla retrorsum, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 75: vela dare, id. C. 1, 34, 3; cf.: mutata te ferat aura, id. Ep. 1, 18, 88: rejectae Hannibalis minae, id. C. 4, 8, 16; cf. redire, Plin. 9, 31, 51, § 99.
          2. (β) Form rē̆trōrsus: dare terga metu, Val. Fl. 3, 268: cedentem, Sil. 11, 513; App. M. 3, p. 143, 39.
          3. (γ) Form rē̆trōvorsum: cedam, imitabor nepam, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Non. 145, 14; Macr. S. 1, 17.
          4. (δ) Form rē̆trōversus: colonia crescit tamquam coda vituli, Petr. 44, 12.
  2. II. Trop.
        1. a. In time, back, before, earlier (jurid. Lat.): retrorsus ad id tempus, etc., Dig. 15, 1, 32 fin.: retrorsum se actio refert, ib. 13, 5, 18.
        2. b. In other relations, back, backwards, in return, in reversed order.
          1. (α) Form rē̆trōr-sum: ex terrā aqua, ex aquā oritur aer, ex aëre aether; deinde retrorsum vicissim ex aethere aër, etc., Cic. N. D. 2, 33, 84 (cf. the like use of retro, Lucr. 1, 785): ut viros ac feminas, diem ac noctem dicas potius, quam retrorsum, Quint. 9, 4, 23; 7, 1, 25: quaedam et retrorsum idem valent, id. 5, 9, 6: sed omnia retrorsum, Flor. 4, 12, 25.
          2. (β) Form rē̆trōrsus: ac si retrorsus homo mihi venisset, Dig. 44, 3, 6, § 1.