nĕcessārĭus, a, um, adj. (comp. necessarior, Tert. Patient. 11; id. Test. Anim. 4 al.) [necesse], unavoidable, inevitable, indispensable, needful, requisite, necessary: necessarium ait esse Opilius Aurelius, in quo non sit cessandum, aut sine quo vivi non possit: aut sine quo non bene vivatur: aut quod non possit prohiberi, quin fiat, Paul. ex Fest. p. 162 Müll.
- I. Lit.: necessarius et fatalis, opp. voluntarius, Cic. Phil. 10, 9, 9; cf.: id quod imperatur necessarium; illud, quod permittitur, voluntarium est, id. Inv. 2, 49, 145: necessaria conclusio, id. Top. 16, 60: leges fatales et necessariae, id. Univ. 12: omnia quae sint ad vivendum necessaria, id. Off. 1, 4, 11: senatori necessarium est, nōsse rem publicam, id. Leg. 3, 18, 41.
So without dat., = necesse est: ne tam necessarium quidem est male meritis quam optime referre quod debeas, id. post Red. ad Quir. 9, 22: castra ponere necessarium visum est, Liv. 21, 58, 6; Plin. Ep. 10, 37, 3; Gai. Inst. 3, 216: necessariā re coactus, by necessity, Caes. B. C. 1, 40: quod tam necessario tempore ab iis non sublevetur, time of need or necessity, id. B. G. 1, 16: cum longius necessario procederent, farther than was necessary, too far, id. ib. 7, 16: res magis necessariae, Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 145: res maxime necessaria, id. Fam. 2, 6, 2: necessarior medela, Tert. Patient. 11: necessarior sententia, id. Test. Anim. 4: necessariores operas, id. Cult. Tem. 1, 5; id. Res. Carn. 31: aliquid necessarius, id. Carn. Christ. 7 med.
Subst.: nĕcessā-rĭa, ōrum, n., the necessaries of life: Persae armis positis ad necessaria ex proximo vico ferenda discurrunt, Curt. 5, 12, 6: plebes sic adcensa uti … sua necessaria post illius honorem ducerent, Sall. J. 73, 6; Front. Strat. 3, 14, 4.
- * B. In partic.: necessariae partes, the private parts, Gai. Inst. 3, § 193.
- II. Transf., connected with another by natural or moral ties (of blood, friendship, clientship), belonging, related, connected, bound.
- (α) Adj.: cum utrique sis maxime necessarius, Balb. et Opp. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 7, A: victoria hominis necessarii, of a friend, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2; so, homo, of a father-in-law, Nep. Dat. 6: ut a latronibus redimeret necessarias mulieri personas, Dig. 24, 3, 21: necessarius heres = suus heres, the natural heir, who was in the potestas of the deceased (opp. to heres extraneus), Gai. Inst. 2, 37; 3, 153; 156; Dig. 38, 16, 1.
- (β) Subst.: nĕ-cessārĭus, i, m., a relation, relative, kinsman, connection, friend, client, patron (cf. necessitudo, II.; syn.: familiaris, intimus): necessarii sunt, ut Gallus Aelius ait, qui aut cognati aut affines sunt, in quos necessaria officia conferuntur praeter ceteros, Paul. ex Fest. p. 162 Müll.; necessarius angustus, a very near relative, Fragm. Jur. Civ. p. 86 Mai.: L. Torquatus meus familiaris ac necessarius, Cic. Sull. 1, 2: in iis necessariis, qui tibi a patre relicti sunt, me tibi esse vel conjunctissimum, id. Fam. 13, 29, 1: nĕcessārĭa, ae, f., a female relative or friend: virgo Vestalis hujus propinqua et necessaria, id. Mur. 35, 73: Cerelliae, necessariae meae, rem commendavi tibi, id. Fam. 13, 72, 1.
Hence, adv.
- 1. nĕcessārĭē (rare), unavoidably, necessarily: necessarie demonstrari, Cic. Inv. 1, 29, 44: comparato cibo, Val. Max. 7, 6, 3.
- 2. nĕcessārĭō (the most usual form): necessario reviviscere, Cic. Fam. 6, 10, 5: quibuscum vivo necessario, id. ib. 5, 21, 1: quod necessario rem Caesari enuntiārit, Caes. B. G. 1, 17: copias parat, Sall. J. 21, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 29; 5, 10, 80; Lact. 2, 12.
rārē, adv., v. rarus fin.
rārē-făcĭo (written also separately rārē făcĭo), fēci, factum, 3, v. a. [rarus], to make thin or rare, to rarefy (Lucret.): rarefieri, Lucr. 1, 648: rarefacta, id. 2, 1139; 3, 442: rareque facit, id. 6, 233; 870.
rārus, a, um, adj. [etym. dub.; cf. Sanscr. root rah-, to abandon], having wide interstices between its parts, of a loose texture, not thick or dense, thin (opp. densus; freq. and class.).
- I. Lit.: denseri poterunt ignes, rarique relinqui, Lucr. 1, 656; cf.: (terra) Rara sit an supra morem si densa requiras … Densa magis Cereri, rarissima quaeque Lyaeo, Verg. G. 2, 227 sq.; 1, 419: textura, Lucr. 4, 196; cf. retia, Verg. A. 4, 131; Hor. Epod. 2, 33: tunica, Ov. Am. 1, 5, 13; and: cribrum, id. M. 12, 437: rariores silvae, the thinner, clearer parts of the forest, Tac. Agr. 37: seges, Col. 2, 9, 6: corpus (opp. solidae res), Lucr. 1, 347; 2, 860; 6, 631 al.: aër, id. 2, 107; cf. in the comp., id. 6, 1024: manus, i.e. with the fingers spread apart, Quint. 11, 3, 103: raraque non fracto vestigia pulvere pendent, i.e. scarcely visible, Stat. Th. 6, 640.
- II. Transf.
- A. Of things which stand apart from each other, far apart, here and there, scattered, thin, scanty ( = disjectus; opp. densus, confertus): cum raris disjectisque ex aedificiis pabulum conquireretur, Hirt. B. G. 8, 10; cf.: vides habitari in terrā raris et angustis in locis, scattered, Cic. Rep. 6, 19, 20: apparent rari nantes, Verg. A. 1, 118: foramina, Lucr. 5, 457: bacae expanduntur rarae, Plin. 17, 10, 11, § 60: frutices in vertice, Ov. H. 10, 25: coma, id. Am. 1, 8, 111; cf. capillus. Suet. Calig. 50: racemi, Verg. E. 5, 7: umbra, id. ib. 7, 46: arbores, Nep. Milt. 5, 3: tela, Ov. M. 12, 600 et saep.
Poet.: manat rara meas lacrima per genas, drop by drop, Hor. C. 4, 1, 34.
- 2. In partic., in military lang., far apart, here and there, scattered about, dispersed, straggling, single (opp. confertus). accedebat huc, ut numquam conferti, sed rari magnisque intervallis proeliarentur, Caes. B. G. 5, 16; cf.: rari in confertos illati, Liv. 23, 27: ipsi ex silvis rari propugnabant, Caes. B. G. 5, 9; 5, 17; 7, 45; 7, 80; id. B. C. 1, 27 fin.: Samnites raris ordinibus constiterant, Liv. 9, 27; Curt. 4, 14, 14: rara est acies, Verg. A. 9, 508: rarior acies, Tac. H. 3, 25; Front. Strat. 3, 10, 4: rarior acies, Curt. 4, 15, 20: ut ordines suos non magnopere servarent. rari dispersique pugnarent, Caes. B. C. 1, 44; cf. Tac. Agr. 37 fin.; Front. Strat. 1, 5, 23.
- B. Of any thing found in small numbers or which seldom takes place, few, rare (cf. paucus): in omni arte … ut in ipsă virtute, optimum quidque rarissimum, Cic. Fin. 2, 25, 81; cf.: rarum genus (amicorum) et quidem omnia praeclara rara, id. Lael. 21, 79: raris ac prope nullis portibus, Caes. B. G. 3, 12 fin.; cf.: etiamsi rarus ejus rei, nonnullus tamen usus, Quint. 8, 6, 30: rarus enim est animus ad ea defendenda, Sall. H. 3, 61, 7 Dietsch: Idem rarum est, non sine usu tamen, Quint. 5, 11, 42: rari domos, plurimi amicorum tecta … petivere, Tac. H. 1, 79 fin.: Oceanus raris ab orbe nostro navibus aditur, id. G. 2: aliquod solitarium aut rarum, Cic. Inv. 1, 44, 83: ut anteponantur rara vulgaribus, id. Top. 18, 69: litterae, Liv. 6, 1; cf. id. 7, 3: rara hostium apparebant arma, id. 2, 50: lites, Quint. 7, 1, 43: infelicitas, id. 11, 2, 49: quae (littera) est apud nos rarissima in clausulis, id. 12, 10, 31: quod est magis rarum, id. 9, 2, 73: ex maxime raro genere hominum, Cic. Lael. 17, 64; cf. Quint. 7, 3, 25: raris vocibus hisco, Verg. A. 3, 314: rara per ignotos errent animalia montes, id. E. 6, 40: audiet pugnas vitio parentum Rara juventus, Hor. C. 1, 2, 24.
Rarum est, with ut: rarum est, ut, etc., Quint. 3, 10, 3; 6, 3, 38; 10, 7, 24: rarum dictu, esse aliquid, cui prosit neglegentia, Plin. 18, 16, 39, § 140.
- b. Mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose for the adv. raro, seldom, rarely: nec Iliacos coetus nisi rarus adibat, Ov. M. 11, 766; cf.: rarus, qui tam procul a portu recessisset, reperiebatur, Quint. 12, prooem. § 3; so, rarus fuit, qui, etc., id. 6, 2, 3: antiquis scriptoribus rarus obtrectator, Tac. A. 4, 33; Sall. H. Fragm. 3, 22, p. 233 Gerl.: Caesar rarus egressu, Tac. A. 15, 53; cf.: leones rari in potu, Plin. 8, 16, 18, § 46: (calculus) rarus inventu, id. 28, 15, 61, § 217; cf.: helxine rara visu est, id. 21, 16, 56, § 96: Homerus alias circa picturas pigmentaque rarus, i. e. rarely speaks of them, id. 33, 7, 38, § 115
- 2. Poet., in partic., uncommon of its kind, scarce, rare, extraordinary, remarkable: rara puella fuit, Prop. 1, 17, 16; so, Cynthia, id. 1, 8, 42: ministra deae, id. 4 (5), 11, 52; cf.: rara quidem facie, sed rarior arte canendi, Ov. M. 14, 337: facies, id. H. 17, 93 Ruhnk.: vestis, Cat. 69, 3: avis (sc. pavo), Hor. S. 2, 2, 26: fides, id. C. 1, 35, 21: artis opus rarae, Tib. 3, 4, 37: patulis rarissima ramis, Ov. M. 7, 622: rarissima turba, id. A. A. 2, 281: rarissimi ingenii homo, Sen. Contr. 28: conjux rarissima, Stat. S. 5, 1, 11.
Hence, adv., usually raro (class.), but sometimes rare (ante-class. and postAug.), rarenter (ante- and post-class.), or rariter (late Lat.).
- A. Form rārō: raro nimium dabat quod biberem, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 20: potavi, edi, donavi, et enim id raro, id. Bacch. 4, 10, 6: si id, quod raro fit, fieri omnino negetur, Cic. Inv. 1, 43, 80: evenire insolenter et raro (opp. vulgo), id. ib. 1, 28, 43: vinum aegrotis prodest raro, nocet saepissime, id. N. D. 3, 27, 69; id. de Or. 3, 52, 101; cf. id. Or. 24, 80: sed tamen raro habet in oratione poeticum aliquod verbum dignitatem, id. de Or. 3, 38, 153: raro antecedentem scelestum Deseruit poena, Hor. C. 3, 2, 31: admodum raro, Cic. Fat. Fragm. ap. Macr. S. 2, 12; for which we find raro admodum, Quint. 11, 1, 14; Plin. 2, 50, 51, § 135: raro umquam, Quint. 4, 1, 4; 5, 7, 22; Plin. 22, 22, 46, § 93: ita raro, Cic. Rosc. Am. 13, 37: sic raro, Hor. S. 2, 3, 1: tam raro, Ov. M. 13, 117: quam raro, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 25: perquam raro, Plin. 37, 4, 15, § 55.
Comp.: quod si rarius fiet, quam tu exspectabis, Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 1.
Sup.: istud rarissime accidere, Col. 5, 5, 7: non affari nisi rarissime, Suet. Claud. 3.
- B. Form rārē (acc. to I.), far apart, thinly, sparsely, here and there: nisi rare conseritur, vanam et minutam spicam facit, Col. 2, 9, 5: tenui vimine rarius contextus saccus, id. 9, 15, 12.
- 2. (Acc. to II. B.) Of time, seldom, rarely: vero rare capitur (piscis), Plaut. Rud. 4, 3, 56.
- C. Form rārenter, seldom, rarely: dato rarenter bibere, Cato, R. R. 103; so, rarenter, Liv. And., Enn., Caecil., Nov., Trab., Pompon. ap. Non. 515, 23 sq.; 164, 25 sq.; App. Flor. 3, p. 357, 22.
- D. Form rārĭter (very rare): quidquid fit rariter, magis delectat, Schol. Juv. 11, 208.
sublīmis, e (collat. form sublīmus, a, um: ex sublimo vertice, Cic. poët. Tusc. 2, 7, 19; Enn. ap. Non. 169; Att. and Sall. ib. 489, 8 sq.; Lucr. 1, 340), adj. [etym. dub.; perh. sub-limen, up to the lintel; cf. sublimen] (sublimem est in altitudinem elatum, Fest. p. 306 Müll.), uplifted, high, lofty, exalted, elevated (mostly poet. and in postAug. prose; not in Cic. or Cæs.; syn.: editus, arduus, celsus, altus).
- I. Lit.
- A. In gen., high, lofty: hic vertex nobis semper sublimis, Verg. G. 1, 242; cf. Hor. C. 1, 1, 36: montis cacumen, Ov. M. 1, 666: tectum, id. ib. 14, 752: columna, id. ib. 2, 1: atrium, Hor. C. 3, 1, 46: arcus (Iridis), Plin. 2, 59, 60, § 151: portae, Verg. A. 12, 133: nemus, Luc. 3, 86 et saep.: os, directed upwards (opp. to pronus), Ov. M. 1, 85; cf. id. ib. 15, 673; Hor. A. P. 457: flagellum, uplifted, id. C. 3, 26, 11: armenta, Col. 3, 8: currus, Liv. 28, 9.
Comp.: quanto sublimior Atlas Omnibus in Libyā sit montibus, Juv. 11, 24.
Sup.: triumphans in illo sublimissimo curru, Tert. Apol. 33.
- B. Esp., borne aloft, uplifted, elevated, raised: rapite sublimem foras, Plaut. Mil. 5, 1: sublimem aliquem rapere (arripere, auferre, ferre), id. As. 5, 2, 18; id. Men. 5, 7, 3; 5, 7, 6; 5, 7, 13; 5, 8, 3; Ter. And. 5, 2, 20; id. Ad. 3, 2, 18; Verg. A. 5, 255; 11, 722 (in all these passages others read sublimen, q. v.); Ov. M 4, 363 al.: campi armis sublimibus ardent, borne aloft, lofty, Verg. A. 11, 602: sublimes in equis redeunt, id. ib. 7, 285: apparet liquido sublimis in aëre Nisus, id. G. 1, 404; cf.: ipsa (Venus) Paphum sublimis abit, on high through the air, id. A. 1, 415: sublimis abit, Liv. 1, 16; 1, 34: vehitur, Ov. M. 5, 648 al.
- C. On high, lofty, in a high position: tenuem texens sublimis aranea telum, Cat. 68, 49: juvenem sublimem stramine ponunt, Verg. A. 11, 67: sedens solio sublimis avito, Ov. M. 6, 650: Tyrio jaceat sublimis in ostro, id. H. 12, 179.
- D. Subst.: sublīme, is, n., height; sometimes to be rendered the air: piro per lusum in sublime jactato, Suet. Claud. 27; so, in sublime, Auct. B. Afr. 84, 1; Plin. 10, 38, 54, § 112; 31, 6, 31, § 57: per sublime volantes grues, id. 18, 35, 87, § 362: in sublimi posita facies Dianae, id. 36, 5, 4, § 13: ex sublimi devoluti, id. 27, 12, 105, § 129.
Plur.: antiquique memor metuit sublimia casus, Ov. M. 8, 259: per maria ac terras sublimaque caeli, Lucr. 1, 340.
- II. Trop., lofty, exalted, eminent, distinguished.
- A. In gen.: antiqui reges ac sublimes viri, Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 9; cf. Luc. 10, 378: mens, Ov. P. 3, 3, 103: pectora, id. F. 1, 301: nomen, id. Tr. 4, 10, 121: sublimis, cupidusque et amata relinquere pernix, aspiring, Hor. A. P. 165; cf.: nil parvum sapias et adhuc sublimia cures, id. Ep. 1, 12, 15.
Comp.: quā claritate nihil in rebus humanis sublimius duco, Plin. 22, 5, 5, § 10; Juv. 8, 232.
Sup.: sancimus supponi duos sublimissimos judices, Cod. Just. 7, 62, 39.
- B. In partic., of language, lofty, elevated, sublime (freq. in Quint.): sublimia carmina, Juv. 7, 28: verbum, Quint. 8, 3, 18: clara et sublimia verba, id. ib.: oratio, id. 8, 3, 74: genus dicendi, id. 11, 1, 3: actio (opp. causae summissae), id. 11, 3, 153: si quis sublimia humilibus misceat, id. 8, 3, 60 et saep.
Transf., of orators, poets, etc.: natura sublimis et acer, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 165: sublimis et gravis et grandiloquus (Aeschylus), Quint. 10, 1, 66: Trachalus plerumque sublimis, id. 10, 1, 119.
Comp.: sublimior gravitas Sophoclis, Quint. 10, 1, 68: sublimius aliquid, id. 8, 3, 14: jam sublimius illud pro Archiā, Saxa atque solitudines voci respondent, id. 8, 3, 75.
Hence, advv.
- 1. Lit., aloft, loftily, on high.
- (α) Form sub-līmĭter (rare): stare, upright, Cato, R. R. 70, 2; so id. ib. 71: volitare, Col. 8, 11, 1: munitur locus, id. 8, 15, 1.
- (β) Form sub-līme (class.): Theodori nihil interest, humine an sublime putescat, Cic. Tusc. 1, 43, 102; cf.: scuta, quae fuerant sublime fixa, sunt humi inventa, id. Div. 2, 31, 67: volare, Lucr. 2, 206; 6, 97: ferri, Cic. Tusc. 1, 17, 40; id. N. D. 2, 39, 101; 2, 56, 141 Orell. N. cr.: elati, Liv. 21, 30: expulsa, Verg. G. 1, 320 et saep.
- b. Comp.: sublimius altum Attollit caput, Ov. Hal. 69.
- 2. Trop., of speech, in a lofty manner, loftily (very rare): alia sublimius, alia gravius esse dicenda, Quint. 9, 4, 130.