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impūbes (inp-), ĕris, and (more freq., but not in Cic. or Cæs.) impūbis, is (form -es, Cic. Cat. 4, 6, 13; Caes. B. G. 6, 21; Val. Max. 6, 9, 9; Suet. Dom. 10; Ov. F. 2, 239;

  1. I. form -is, Hor. Epod. 5, 13; id. C. 2, 9, 15; Tac. H. 3, 25; 4, 14; Ov. M. 3, 417; 9, 416; Lucr. 5, 673; Liv. 9, 14, 11; 2, 13, 10; Verg. A. 9, 751; 7, 382; Plin. 23, 7, 64, § 130; Suet. Claud. 43 al.), adj. [2. in-pubes], not having attained to manhood, below the age of puberty, under age, youthful, beardless: filium ejus impuberem in carcere necatum esse dixit, Cic. Cat. 4, 6, 13: qui de servis liberisque omnibus ad impuberes supplicium sumit, Caes. B. C. 3, 14 fin.; Suet. Claud. 27; id. Ner. 35; id. Dom. 10: puer, Ov. F. 2, 239: comitemque impubis luli, Verg. A. 5, 546: nec impubem parentes Troïlon Flevere semper, Hor. C. 2, 9, 15: capillus impubium impositus, Plin. 28, 4, 9, § 41.
    Esp. subst.: impūbes, is, com.: productis omnibus elegisse impubes dicitur, Liv. 2, 13, 10.
    Freq. as leg. t. t., a person under years of discretion: impuberes quidem in tutela esse omnium civitatum jure contingit, Gai. Inst. 1, 189: an impubes rem alienam amovendo furtum faciat, id. ib. 3, 208.
    1. B. Transf., of things: corpus, Hor. Epod. 5, 13: malae, Verg. A. 9, 751: anni, Ov. M. 9, 417.
  2. II. In partic., celibate, virgin, chaste: qui diutissime impuberes permanserunt, maximam inter suos ferunt laudem, Caes. B. G. 6, 21, 4.

* impūbescens (inp-), entis, adj. [inpubesco], growing to maturity: cortex (caprifici), Plin. 23, 7, 64, § 130.

impŭdens (inp-), entis, adj. [2. in-pudens], without shame, shameless, impudent (freq. and class.; cf.: impudicus, inverecundus): probus improbum (fraudasse dicatur), pudens impudentem, etc., Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 21: arioli, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 58, 132 (Trag. v. 356 Vahl.): statuite exemplum impudenti, date pudori praemium, Plaut. Rud. 3, 2, 6; id. Men. 5, 1, 10: quid illac impudente audacius? id. Am. 2, 2, 186: ut cum impudens fuisset in facto, tum impudentior videretur, si negaret, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 78, § 191; id. Fam. 5, 12, 3: impudens liqui patrios Penates, Impudens Qrcum moror, Hor. C. 3, 27, 49 sq.
Transf., of things: o hominis impudentem audaciam! Plaut. Men. 5, 1, 13; Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 72: cum aspicias, os inpudens videtur, id. Eun. 5, 1, 22; 3, 5, 49: mendacium! Cic. Clu. 60, 168: actio, Quint. 11, 1, 29: te quidem edepol nihil est impudentius, Plaut. As. 3, 1, 39: impudentissima oratio, Ter. And. 4, 1, 10: impudentissimum nomen, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 327, 6: ante Bibuli impudentissimas litteras, id. Att. 7, 2, 6.
Adv.: impŭdenter, shamelessly, impudently: nimio haec impudenter negas, Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 69; id. Rud. 4, 3, 38; Ter. And. 4, 4, 16; Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 54, § 134; id. Lael. 22, 82; id. Fam. 5, 12, 2 al.
Comp.: batuit, impudenter (dicitur); depsit, multo impudentius, Cic. Fam. 9, 22, 4.
Sup.: ut homo impudentissime mentiretur, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 7, § 16.

impŭdenter (inp-), adv., v. impudens fin.

impŭdentĭa (inp-), ae, f. [impudens], shamelessness, impudence (class.): qui illius impudentiam norat et duritudinem, Cato ap. Gell. 17, 2, 20: quis homo te exsuperavit usquam gentium impudentiā? Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 36, 77 (Trag. v. 262 Vahl.); Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 52: impudentia atque audacia fretus, Cic. Fl. 15, 35; id. de Or. 1, 38, 172: nam volitare in foro, etc. … cum omnino, quid suum, quid alienum sit, ignoret, insignis est impudentiae, id. ib. 1, 38, 173; Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 3; Cic. Or. 71, 238 fin.: libidinis, Plin 34, 3, 6, § 12.

‡ impŭdīcātus stupratus, impudicus factus, Paul. ex Fest. p. 109 Müll.

impŭdīcē (inp-), adv., v. impudicus fin.

impŭdīcĭtĭa (inp-), ae, f. [impudicus],

  1. I. unchasteness, immodesty, lewdness, Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 189; Tac. A. 5, 3; Gell. 18, 3, 1; Dig. 1, 6, 2; Tert. Spect. 17.
    Esp., of unnatural vice, Suet. Caes. 52; id. Aug. 71; id. Vesp. 13.
  2. II. Transf., = impudentia, shamelessness: scio fide hercle erili ut soleat inpudicitia opprobrari, Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 11.

impŭdīcus (inp-), a, um, adj. [2. inpudicus].

  1. I. Shameless, impudent ( = impudens; very rare): o facinus impudicum! Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 62; cf. 1, 2, 27: crura defringentur, ni istum inpudicum percies, id. As. 2, 4, 69.
  2. II. Unchaste, immodest, lewd (the predom. signif. of the word): Pa. Quod id est facinus? Sc. Inpudicum, Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 11: quam tu inpudicam esse arbitrere, id. Am. 3, 2, 24: me inpudicam facere, i. e. to rob of chastity, id. ib. 2, 2, 202: omnes adulteri, omnes impuri impudicique, Cic. Cat. 2, 10, 23: intolerabile est servire impuro, impudico, effeminato, id. Phil. 3, 5, 12: et consul et impudicissimus, id. ib. 2, 28, 70: mulieres, id. Cat. 2, 5, 10; cf.: osculando impudicior, Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 51.
    1. B. Transf.: digitus, i. e. the middle finger, Mart. 6, 70, 5: si fur veneris, impudicus ibis, violated, Auct. Priap. 60: odor impudicus urcei, disgusting, filthy, Mart. 12, 32, 16.
      Adv.: impŭdīcē, unchastely, Tert. Idol. 2: impudicissime et obscenissime vixit, Eutr. 8, 22.

impugnātĭo (inp-), ōnis, f. [impugno], an attack, assault (rare), Cic. Att. 4, 3, 3; Hier. Isa. 5, 18, 2.

impugnātor (inp-), ōris, m. [impugno], one who attacks, assails (late Lat.; in Liv. 27, 15, 8, the true read. is oppugnatores), Cassiod. Var. i. q. Ambros. in Psa. 118, Serm. 13, 6.

1. impugnātus (inp-), a, um, Part., from impugno.

* 2. impugnātus (inp-), a, um, adj. [2. in-pugnatus], not attacked, unassailed: turpe est rhetori, si quid in mala causa destitutum atque impugnatum relinquat, Gell. 1, 6, 4.

impugno (inp-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [in-pugno], to fight against a person or thing, to attack, assail (class.; esp. in the transf. and trop. signif.; cf.: invado, opprimo, aggredior, adorior).

  1. I. Lit., in the milit. sphere: terga hostium, Liv. 3, 70, 4: Syracusae a cive impugnatae sunt (for which, shortly after, oppugnari), Just. 22, 2.
    Absol.: nostri redintegratis viribus acrius impugnare coeperunt, * Caes. B. G. 3, 26, 4; Just. 38, 4.
  2. II. Transf., beyond the milit. sphere, to attack, assail, oppose, impugn: qui (Scaurus) tametsi a principio acerrime regem (Jugurtham) impugnaverat, tamen, etc., Sall. J. 29, 2: cujus vel praecipua opera Bibulum impugnaverat, Suet. Caes. 21; Cic. Fam. 3, 12, 1: veneficiis et devotionibus impugnari, Suet. Calig. 3: saepe quae in aliis litibus impugnarunt actores causarum, eadem in aliis defendunt, Quint. 2, 17, 40: filii caput palam, id. 11, 1, 62: dignitatem alicujus, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 439, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 53, 1: sententiam, Tac. H. 4, 8: meritum et fidem, Ov. M. 5, 151: finitionem alterius, Quint. 7, 3, 22: nostra, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 89; Quint. 4, 1, 14.
    Absol.: cum illis id tempus impugnandi detur, Cic. Quint. 2, 8.

impulsĭo (inp-), ōnis, f. [impello], a pushing against.

  1. I. Lit., external pressure, influence: omnis coagmentatio corporis vel calore vel frigore vel aliqua impulsione vehementi labefactatur et frangitur, Cic. Univ. 5, 14.
  2. II. Trop., incitement, instigation, impulse.
    1. A. In gen.: impulsio est, quae sine cogitatione per quandam affectionem animi facere aliquid hortatur, ut amor, iracundia, aegritudo, Cic. Inv. 2, 5, 17; cf. id. ib. § 19; 2, 6, 20.
    2. B. In partic.: ad hilaritatem impulsio, pleasantry, an incitement to merriment, = Gr. χαριεντισμός, a figure of speech, Cic. de Or. 3, 53, 205; Quint. 9, 1, 31; 9, 2, 3.

impulsor (inp-), ōris, m. [impello], one who incites or instigates, an inciter, instigator (rare but class.; cf.: auctor, hortator, monitor): quamvis non fueris suasor et impulsor profectionis meae, approbator certe fuisti, Cic. Att. 16, 7, 2: se auctores et impulsores et socios habuisse sceleris illius eos viros, quibus, etc., id. Vatin. 10, 24; id. Prov. Cons. 8, 18; cf.: me impulsore, Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 21; id. Eun. 5, 6, 18: pravi, Tac. H. 4, 68.

‡ impulstrix (inp-), īcis, f. [impulsor; analog. with defenstrix, assestrix, possestrix, tonstrix, etc.], she who instigates, acc. to Non. 150, 29.

1. impulsus (inp-), a, um, Part., from impello.

2. impulsus (inp-), ūs, m. [impello], a pushing or striking against.

  1. I. Lit., an outward pressure or shock, an impulse (class.; most freq. in abl. sing.): impulsu scutorum, Cic. Caecin. 15, 43: orbium, id. Rep. 6, 18: quae (natura) a primo impulsu moveatur, id. ib. 6, 25 fin.: is ardor non alieno impulsu, sed sua sponte movetur, id. N. D. 2, 12, 32: ventus, qui inferiora repentinis impulsibus quatit, App. de Mundo, p. 62.
  2. II. Trop., incitement, instigation, influence (class.): ubi duxere impulsu vostro, vostro impulsu easdem exigunt, Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 45; cf. ib. 4, 4, 65: ipsos non negare, ad haec bona Chrysogonum accessisse impulsu suo, Cic. Rosc. Am. 37, 107; id. Verr. 2, 2, 66, § 161: impulsu patrum, id. Rep. 2, 10: ne civitas eorum impulsu deficeret, Caes. B. G. 5, 25, 4: impulsu patrum, Cic. Rep. 6, 26: qui simili impulsu aliquid commiserint, id. Inv. 2, 5, 19: oratio pondere modo et impulsu proeliatur, Quint. 9, 1, 20: temeritatis subiti et vehementes impulsus, Val. Max. 9, 8.

* impulvĕrĕus (inp-), a, um, adj. [2. in-pulvereus], without dust: impulverea incruentaque victoria, without trouble, easy, Gell. 5, 6, 21.

* impunctus (inp-), a, um, adj. [2. in-punctus], without points or specks: crystallum, clear, App. M. 2, p. 123, 5.

impūnē (inp-), adv., v. impunis fin.

impūnis (inp-), e, adj. [2. in-poena], without punishment, unpunished (in the adj. very rare, and perh. only post-class.; but in the adv. freq. and class.).

  1. I. Adj.: impunem me fore, App. M. 3, p. 132, 6: mulier impunis rediit, Sol. 27 med. (dub.; Mommsen immunis).
    Hence,
  2. II. Adv.: impūne (archaic orthog. impoene, Cato ap. Fronto, Ep. ad Anton. Aug. 1, 2 fin. Mai.), without punishment, without fear of punishment, safely, with impunity: ita inductum est male facere impoene, bene facere non impoene licere, Cato, l. l.: aliquid facere, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 100 Vahl.): optimum est facere (injuriam), impune si possis, Cic. Rep. 3, 14; id Sextilius factum negabat, poterat autem impune, id. Fin. 2, 17, 55: aliquem occidere, id. Leg. 1, 15, 42: cum multos libros surripuisset nec se impune laturum putaret, aufugit, escape unpunished, id. Fam. 13, 77, 3; so id. Att. 1, 16, 13; cf.: non impune tamen scelus hoc sinit esse Lyaeus, Ov. M. 11, 67: si amanti inpune facere quod lubeat licet, Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 21: siquidem istuc impune habueris, Ter. Eun. 5, 7, 18; 5, 2, 13; cf.: neque tantum maleficium impune habendum, be left unpunished, Tac. A. 3, 70: majorum nostrorum labore factum est, ut impune in otio esse possemus, with safety, Cic. Agr. 2, 4, 9; id. de Or. 3, 47, 182: mercator ter et quater Anno revisens aequor Atlanticum Impune, Hor. C. 1, 31, 15: (capellae) Impune per nemus quaerunt thyma, id. ib. 1, 17, 5; Verg. G. 2, 32; Plin. 18, 14, 36, § 135: facta arguebantur, dicta impune erant, Tac. A. 1, 72; 12, 54 Draeger: recitare, without retaliation, Juv. 1, 3 sq.
    Comp.: crederem mihi impunius licere, Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 49: libertate usus est, quo impunius dicax esset, Cic. Quint. 3, 11; id. Deiot. 6, 18: in metu et periculo cum creduntur facilius, tum finguntur impunius, id. Div. 2, 27, 58.
    Sup.: impunissime Tibi quidem hercle vendere hasce aedes licet, Plaut. Poen. 1, 3, 2.

impūnĭtas (inp-), ātis, f. [impunis], freedom or safety from punishment, impunity (class.; cf.: venia, obsequentia): quis ignorat maximam illecebram esse peccandi impunitatis spem? Cic. Mil. 16, 43: quem si vicisset, habiturus esset impunitatem et licentiam sempiternam, id. ib. 31, 84: impunitatem alicui dare, id. Phil. 8, 32; id. Planc. 1, 3: quorum impunitas fuit non modo a judicio, sed etiam a sermone, id. Rab. Post. 10, 27: impunitatem desertoris petit, Quint. 7, 7, 6: cum tanta praesertim gladiorum sit impunitas, Cic. Phil. 1, 11, 27: impunitas peccatorum data videtur eis, qui ignominiam et infamiam ferunt sine dolore, id. Tusc. 4, 20, 45: flagitiorum, id. Pis. 9, 21: superfluens juvenili quadam dicendi impunitate et licentia, id. Brut. 91, 316; so, crebrescebat licentia atque impunitas asyla statuendi, Tac. A. 3, 60.

impūnītē (inp-), adv., v. impunitus fin.

impūnītus (inp-; also impoenī-tus; cf. impune), a, um, adj. [2. in-punitus], unpunished, unrestrained, free from danger, safe, secure (class.; cf. inultus): injuriam inultam impunitamque dimittere, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 58, § 149; cf. id. Div. in Caecil. 16, 53: tibi vexatio direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera, id. Cat. 1, 7, 18: si istius haec tanta injuria impunita discesserit, id. Verr. 2, 4, 30, § 68: scelera, id. Off. 2, 8, 28: Cn. Fulvio fugam ex proelio ipsius temeritatem commisso impunitam esse, Liv. 36, 2, 15; 9, 26, 1: furta omnia fuisse licita et impunita (al. impoenita), Gell. 11, 18; Sall. C. 51, 5; Auct. Her. 4, 39, 51; Sen. Contr. 1, 2, 22; Tac. H. 4, 77.
Comp.: qui tu impunitior illa obsonia captas? Hor. S. 2, 7, 105: libidinem Appi Claudii, quo inpunitior sit, Liv. 3, 50, 7.
Adv.: impūnītē, with impunity: alios in facinore gloriari, aliis ne dolere quidem impunite licere, Matius in Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 3; id. Fin. 2, 18, 59: quo impunitius uxor ejus moecharetur, Fest. s. v. non omnibus, p. 173 a, Müll.

impūrātus (inp-), a, um, P. a., from impuro, not in use (for in Sen. Ep. 87, 16, the true reading is inspurcavit), morally defiled; hence, in gen., infamous, abominable, abandoned, vile (ante- and post-class.): impuratus me ille ut etiam irrideat? that vile wretch, Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 64; 5, 7, 69: belua, as a term of reproach, Plaut. Rud. 2, 6, 59: nisi scio probiorem hanc esse quam te, impuratissime, id. ib. 3, 4, 46: impuratissima illa capita (hominum), App. M. 8, p. 221, 19.

impūrē (inp-), adv., v. impurus fin.

* impurgābĭlis (inp-), e, adj. [2. inpurgabilis], that cannot be cleansed; trop., inexcusable: crimen, Amm. 22, 3, 8.

impūrĭtas (inp-), ātis, f. [impurus], uncleanness (in a moral sense), pollution, impurity: cum omnes impuritates pudica in domo quotidie susciperes, Cic. Phil. 2, 3, 6; sing., Vulg. Lev. 5, 3.

impūrĭtĭa (inp-), ae, f. [impurus], uncleanness, vileness, impurity, = impuritas (anteand post-class.; very rare): trecentis versibus Tuas impuritias transloqui nemo potest, Plaut. Pers. 3, 3, 7: deliquentium, Mos. et Rom. Leg. Coll. 6, 4, 3.

impūrus (inp-), a, um, adj. [2. inpurus], unclean, filthy, foul (cf.: obscenus, spurcus, immundus).

  1. I. Lit. (very rare): impurae matris prolapsus ab alvo, Ov. Ib. 223.
  2. II. Trop., unclean (in a moral sense), impure, defiled, filthy, infamous, abandoned, vile.
    1. A. Of living beings: impudens, impurus, inverecundissimus, Plaut. Rud. 3, 2, 38: in his gregibus omnes aleatores, omnes adulteri, omnes impuri impudicique versantur, Cic. Cat. 2, 10, 23: persona illa lutulenta, impura, invisa, id. Rosc. Com. 7, 20: o hominem impurum! Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 29: impuri cujusdam et ambitiosi sententia, Cic. Lael. 16, 59: cum impuris atque immanibus adversariis decertare, id. Rep. 1, 5: (dux) audax, impurus, id. ib. 1, 44: impurus et sceleratus, id. Att. 9, 15 fin.: erat hic Corinthia anus haud impura, tolerably decent, Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 16: homo haud impurus, id. Eun. 2, 2, 4: libidine omni, Petr. 81.
      Comp.: quis illo qui maledicit impurior? Cic. Phil. 3, 6, 15.
      Sup.: omnium non bipedum solum, sed etiam quadrupedum impurissimus, Auct. Or. pro Dom. 18, 48.
    2. B. Of inanim. and abstr. things: lingua, Sen. Ep. 87 med.: animus, Sall. C. 15, 4: mores, Cat. 108, 2: adulterium, id. 66, 84: historia, Ov. Tr. 2, 416: medicamina, i. e. venena, Flor. 2, 20: quid impurius, quam retinuisse talem (adulteram), Quint. 9, 2, 80.
      Hence, adv.: impūrē (acc. to II.), impurely, basely, shamefully, vilely: impure atque flagitiose vivere, Cic. Fin. 3, 11, 38: multa facere impure atque taetre, id. Div. 1, 29, 6: atque intemperanter facere, id. Phil. 2, 21, 50: a quo impurissime haec nostra fortuna despecta est, id. Att. 9, 12, 2.

* impŭtātĭo (inp-), ōnis, f. [imputo], an account, a charge (post-class.): ut explorari possit, imputationes probe an improbe referantur, Dig. 35, 1, 82 med.

impŭtātīvus (inp-), a, um, adj. [imputo], charging; trop., imputative, accusatory (post-class.), Tert. adv. Marc. 2, 25.

impŭtātor (inp-), ōris, m. [imputo], a reckoner (post-Aug.); trop.: beneficii, one who reckons his benefits highly, thinks much of them, Sen. Ben. 2, 17, 6.

1. impŭtātus (inp-), a, um, Part., from imputo.

2. impŭtātus (inp-), a, um, adj. [2. in-putatus], unpruned, untrimmed: vinea, Hor. Epod. 16, 44: buxus, Plin. 17, 21, 35, § 163.

impŭto (inp-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [inputo], to bring into the reckoning, enter into the account, to reckon, charge (not ante-Aug.; cf. deputo).

  1. I. Lit.: vilici servi longe plus imputant seminis jacti quam quod severint, Col. 1, 7 fin.: sumptus alicui … viatica et vecturas, Dig. 17, 2, 52, § 15: in quartam hereditatis imputantur res, quas jure hereditario capit, ib. 35, 2, 90: haec in numerum trium tutelarum, ib. 23, 2, 61.
  2. II. Trop., to enter into the account, to reckon, attribute as a merit or a fault to one’s self or another; to make a boast of, to credit to, to charge, ascribe, impute to (for the Ciceron. assignare, ascribere): fatum dies imputat, Sen. de Ira, 3, 42; cf. Mart. 5, 20, 13: hoc non imputo in solutum, Sen. Ep. 8 fin.: gaudent muneribus, sed nec data imputant, nec acceptis obligantur, Tac. G. 21: noli imputare vanum beneficium mihi, Phaedr. 1, 22, 8; cf. Sen. Tranq. 6: huic (Masinissae) imputari victum Hannibalem, huic captum Syphacem, huic Carthaginem deletam, Just. 38, 6: alii transeunt quaedam imputantque quod transeant, Plin. Ep. 8, 21, 4; cf. Suet. Tib. 53: ipsum sibi eripere tot beneficiorum occasiones, tam numerosam obligandi imputandique materiam, Plin. Pan. 39, 3; so absol.: cum quidam crimen ultro faterentur, nonnulli etiam imputarent, made a merit of it, Suet. Ner. 36: saevit enim natumque objectat et imputat illis, charges upon them (his son’s fate), Ov. M. 2, 400: mortem senioribus imputat annis, id. ib. 15, 470: rebellandi tempus Atheniensibus, Vell. 2, 23, 4: an ei caedes imputanda sit, a quo jurgium coepit? Quint. 5, 10, 72: suum exsilium rei publicae imputaturus, Sen. Ep. 86: prospera omnes sibi vindicant, adversa uni imputantur, Tac. Agr. 27: alicui moras belli aut causas rebellandi, id. ib. 34; id. H. 4, 14 fin.: culpam nostram illi, Plin. 18, 1, 1, § 2: et tibi scilicet, qui requisisti, imputabis, si digna ne epistula quidem videbuntur, Plin. Ep. 6, 20 fin.: sibi imputent cur minus idoneum fidejussorem acceperint, Dig. 42, 7, 1: imputet ipse deus nectar mihi, fiet acetum, may assign, give, Mart. 12, 48, 13: otia parva nobis, id. 4, 83, 2: hoc solum erit certamen, quis mihi plurimum imputet, Tac. H. 1, 38.

* impŭtresco (inp-), trui, 3, v. inch. n. [in-putresco], to rot, putrefy in any thing: cum imputruit oleo mus, Col. 6, 17, 5.

imputrĭbĭlis (inp-), e, adj. [2. in-putresco], not liable to decay, incorruptible (late Lat.): ligna, Hier. Ep. 64, 9; Aug. Psa. 95; id. Civ. Dei, 21, 7.
Adv.: imputrĭbĭ-lĭter, incorruptibly, Aug. Ep. 32 ad Paul.