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1. barba, ae, f. [cf. O. H. Germ. part; Germ. Bart; Engl. beard].

  1. I. Lit., the beard, of men: alba, Plaut. Bacch. 5, 1, 15: hirquina, id. Ps. 4, 2, 12: mollis, Lucr. 5, 673: promissa, long, Nep. Dat. 3, 1; Liv. 5, 41, 9; Tac. A. 2, 31; id. G. 31: immissa, Verg. A. 3, 593; Ov. M. 12, 351; Quint. 12, 3, 12: stiriaque inpexis induruit horrida barbis, Verg. G. 3, 366: submittere (as a sign of mourning). Suet. Caes. 67; id. Aug. 23; id. Calig. 24: prima, Juv. 8, 166: barbam tondere, Cic. Tusc. 5, 20, 58: maxima barba, id. Verr. 2, 2, 25, § 62: major, id. Agr. 2, 5, 13: ponere, Hor. A. P. 298; Suet. Calig. 5; 10; id. Ner. 12: jam libet hirsutam tibi falce recidere barbam, Ov. M. 13, 766: abradere, to clip off. Plin. 6, 28, 32, § 162; cf. Baumg.Crus. Suet. Caes. 45: rasitare, Gell. 3, 4: barbam vellere alicui, to pluck one by the beard (an insult), Hor. S. 1, 3, 133: sapientem pascere barbam, i. e. to study the Stoic philosophy, id. ib. 2, 3, 35; Pers. 1, 133; 2, 28: capillatior quam ante barbāque majore, Cic. Agr. 2, 5, 13; id. Verr. 2, 2, 25, § 62: in gens et cana barba, Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 6.
    Sometimes in plur. of a heavy, long beard, Petr. 99, 5; App. M. 4, p. 157, 1.
    The statues of the gods had barbas aureas, Cic. N. D. 3, 34, 83; hence, barbam auream habere = deum esse, Petr. 58, 6; cf. Pers. 2, 56.
    The ancient Romans allowed the beard to grow long (hence, barbati, Cic. Mur. 12; id. Cael. 14, 33; id. Fin. 4, 23, 62; Juv. 4, 103; and: dignus barbā capillisque Majorum, of an upright, honest man, Juv. 16, 31), until A.U.C. 454, when a certain P. Titinius Menas brought barbers to Rome from Sicily, and introduced the custom of shaving the beard, Varr R. R. 2, 11, 10; Plin. 7, 59, 59, § 211. Scipio Africanus was the first who caused himself to be shaved daily, Plin. 1. 1. Still, this custom seems to have become general first in the Aug. per.; cf. Boettig. Sabina, 2, p. 57 sq.; Goer. Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 62.
    Young men allowed the beard to grow for some years; hence. juvenes barbatuli or bene barbati (v. barbatulus and barbatus). It was the custom to devote the first beard cut off to some deity, esp. to Apollo, Jupiter, or Venus, Petr. 29; Juv. 3, 186; Suet. Ner. 12.
  2. II. Transf.
    1. A. Of animals: hircorum, Plin. 12, 17, 37, § 74: caprarum, id. 26, 8, 30, § 47: gallinaceorum, id. 30, 11, 29, § 97: luporum, Hor. S. 1, 8, 42.
    2. B. Of plants, the wool: nucum, Plin. 15, 22, 24, § 89; cf. id. 17, 23, 35, § 202.
    3. C. Barba Jovis, a shrub, the silver-leaved woolblade: Anthyllis barba Jovis, Linn.; Plin. 16, 18, 31, § 76.

2. Barba, ae, m., a Roman name, e. g. Cassius Barba, a friend of Cœsar and Antony, Cic. Phil. 13, 1, 2 sq.; id. Att. 13, 52, 1.

Barbāna, ae, m., a river of Illyria, Liv. 44, 31, 3.

barbăra, ae, v. barbarus, II. B. fin.

barbărē, adv., v. barbarus fin.

barbări, ōrum, v. barbarus.

barbărĭa, ae (poet., or in post-Aug. prose barbărĭes, acc. -em; so once in Cic. Brut. 74, 258), f. [barbarus].

  1. I. Lit., a foreign country, in opposition to Greece or Rome.
    1. A. In gen.: a quo (philosopho) non solum Graecia et Italia, sed etiam omnis barbaria commota est, Cic. Fin. 2, 15, 49; 5, 4, 11; id. N. D. 1, 29, 81; cf.: non solum cum exercitu suo, sed etiam cum omni inmanitate barbariae bellum inferre nobis. id. Phil. 5, 13, 37; 13, 8, 18: quid tibi barbariem. gentes ab utroque jacentes Oceano numerem? Ov. M. 15, 829: in mediā vivere barbarie, id. Tr. 3, 10, 4; Luc. 8, 812; Just. 9, 5, 7 al.
    2. B. Esp., of a particular country, aside from Greece or Rome. Thus (in the mouth of a Greek), of Italy, as opp. to Greece (only in Plaut.), Plaut. Poen. 3, 2, 21; id. Fragm. ap. Fest. s. v. vapula, p. 278.
      Of Persia: Themistoclem non in Graeciae portus, sed in barbariae sinus confugisse, Cic. Rep. 1, 3, 5.
      Of Phrygia: Graecia barbariae lento collisa duello, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 7.
      Of Gaul, in opp. to Rome, Cic. Font. 20, 44 (16, 34).
      Of Scythia and Britain, Cic. N. D. 2, 34, 88; in gen.: quae barbaria Indiā vastior aut agrestior? id. Tusc. 5, 27, 77 al.
  2. II. Meton., mental or moral barbarism, according to the notion of the ancients.
    1. A. Rudeness, rusticity, stupidity: barbaria forensis, Cic. de Or. 1, 26, 118: grandis, Ov. Am. 3, 8, 4.
      Hence of barbarism in language: omnes tum fere, qui nec extra urbem hanc vixerant, nec eos aliqua barbaries domestica infuscaverat, recte loquebantur, Cic. Brut. 74, 258.
      And of faulty reading, Petr. 68, 5.
    2. B. Savageness, barbarousness, rudeness, uncivilized manners: inveterata barbaria, Cic. Balb. 19, 43: ferum et immane facinus, quod nulla barbaria posset agnoscere, id. Phil. 14, 3, 8: ista vero quae et quanta barbaria est, id. ib. 2, 42, 108; 11, 2, 6: tanta barbaries (Sarmatorum) est, ut pacem non intellegant, Flor. 4, 12, 20; Just. 43, 4, 1; Quint. 11, 3, 69; Petr. 68.
    3. C. = barbari: quale bellum nulla umquam barbaria cum suā gente gessit, Cic. Cat. 3, 10, 25; cf.: hoc poëtae nomen, quod nulla umquam barbaria violavit, id. Arch. 8, 19.

barbărĭcārĭus, ii, m. [barbarus], = Phrygio, a gold-weaver, an embroiderer in gold, a gilder, Cod. Just. 12, 24, 7; Cod. Th. 10, 22, 1; Inscr. Orell. 4152; Edict. Diocl. 16, 48, p. 84 Momms.; cf. Donat. ad Verg. A. 11, 777.

barbărĭcē and barbărĭcum, adv., v. barbaricus fin.

† barbărĭcus, a, um, adj., = βαρβαρικός [barbarus].

  1. I. Foreign, strange, outlandish, barbarous, in opp. to Grecian or Roman (poet. and in post-Aug. prose).
    1. A. In gen.: alae, Luc. 1, 476: sermo, Amm. 18, 2, 1: pyra, Plin. 15, 15, 16, § 56: equi, Veg. 6, 7, 1.
      Hence,
      1. 2. Subst.: barbărĭcum, i, n.
        1. a. A foreign land (post-class.): Albis in barbarico, longe ultra Rhenum est, Eutr. 7, 8; 9, 4; Spart. Sev. 47.
        2. b. Barbaricum appellatur clamor exercitus, quod eo genere barbari utantur, Paul. ex Fest. p. 31 Müll.
    2. B. Esp., of a particular country, in opp. to Greece or Rome.
      1. 1. Freq. for Phrygian (v. barbarus): astante ope barbaricā, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 19, 44 (Trag. v. 120 Müll.): vestes, Lucr. 2, 500: barbarico postes auro spoliisque superbi, Verg. A. 2, 504.
      2. 2. (In the mouth of a Greek.) For Italian, Roman (only in Plaut.): urbes, Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 104: lex, id. ib. 3, 1, 32: cenare lepide nitideque volo: nihil moror barbarico ritu esse, after the frugal manner of the ancient Romans, id. Cas. 3, 6, 19.
      3. 3. For German, Germanic: nomina, Suet. Calig. 47.
  2. II. (Acc. to barbarus, II.) Rough, rude, unpolished (very rare): vita, Claud. Eutr. 2, 226.
    Trop.: silva barbarica id est conseminea, Col. 11, 2, 83; cf. Mart. 3, 58, 5.
    Hence, adv.
        1. a. barbărĭcum, barbarously: barbaricum atque immane gemens, Sil. 12, 418.
        2. b. barbărĭcē, like a foreigner: barba barbarice demissa, Capitol. Ver. 10, § 6.

barbărĭes, v. barbaria.

† barbărismus, i, m., = βαρβαρισμός, an impropriety of speech, barbarism; esp. of pronunciation (acc. to Gell. 13, 6, 14; cf. id. 5, 20, 1, not in use before the Aug. per.; in Nigidius, instead of it, rusticus sermo), Quint. 1, 5, 5 sq.; Auct. Her. 4, 12, 17; Gell. l. l.; 5, 20, 4; Don. p. 1767 sq. P.; Charis. p. 237 sq.; id. Diom. p. 446 sq. P. al.; cf. the foll.

† barbărŏlexis, eos, f., = βαρβαρόλεξις, the perversion of the form of a word, esp. the change or in flection of a Greek word according to Latin usage (while barbarismus is the erroneous pronunciation of a Latin word), Isid. Orig. 1, 31, 2 (in Charis. p. 237 P. used as Greek).

1. barbărum, i, n., v. barbarus, I. A.

2. barbărum, i, n. [barbarus]; in medicine, a plaster applied to raw wounds: optimum ex his (emplastris) est, quod barbarum vocatur, Cels. 5, 19, n. 1; 5. 26, n. 23; Scrib. Comp. 207 (in Scrib. Lang. Comp. l. l. barbăra, ae, f.).

† barbărus, a, um (gen. plur. m. barbarum, Tac. A. 14, 39; 15, 25), adj., = βάρβαρος [cf. barrio; balo, balbus; blatio].

  1. I. Prop., foreign, strange, barbarous, opp. to Greek or Roman.
    1. A. In gen.: hospes, Plaut. Rud. 2, 7, 25: mixta facit Graiis barbara turba metum, Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 28; Hor. C. 1, 29, 6: reges, id. ib. 1, 35, 11.
      Hence, in Tac., in barbarum, adverb., in the manner or according to the custom of foreigners or barbarians: civitas potens, neque in barbarum corrupta, Tac. A. 6, 42; id. H. 5, 2.
      As subst.: barbărus, i, m., a foreigner, stranger, barbarian: sin hoc et ratio doctis et necessitas barbaris praescripsit, Cic. Mil. 11, 30; id. Verr. 2, 4, 50, § 112; 2, 5, 60, § 157: quo neque noster adit quisquam, nec barbarus audet, Lucr. 6, 37: quippe simul nobis habitat discrimine nullo Barbarus, Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 30: barbarorum soli prope Germani singulis uxoribus contenti, Tac. G. 18: barbari praestabant non modicam humanitatem, Vulg. Act. 28, 1.
    2. B. Esp., of a particular people, in opp. to Greek or Roman or both; cf.: Romanus Graiusque ac barbarus induperator, Juv. 10, 138 (cf.: barbaria, barbaricus, and Fest. s. v. barbari, p. 36 Müll.).
      1. 1. (In the mouth of a Greek, or in opp. to Greek.) Italian, Roman, Latin (never so used by the Romans): nam os columnatum poetae esse inaudivi barbaro (sc. Naevio) (words of the Ephesian Periplectomenes), Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 58; id. Stich. 1, 3, 40: i, stultior es barbaro Poticio, id. Bacch. 1, 2, 15: absurdum erat aut tantum barbaris casibus Graecam litteram (φ) adhibere, aut recto casu Graece loqui, Cic. Or. 48, 160.
        So also,
        1. b. In the mouth of a Macedonian: cum alienigenis, cum barbaris aeternum omnibus Graecis bellum est eritque, Liv. 31, 29, 15.
          And,
        2. c. In reference to the inhabitants of Pontus: barbarus hic ego sum, quia non intellegor ulli, Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 37.
      2. 2. Phrygian: tibia, Cat. 64, 264; cf. Lucr. 4, 546 Forbig.: sonante mixtum tibiis carmen lyrae, Hac Dorium, illis barbarum, Hor. Epod. 9, 6; Verg. A. 11, 777; Ov. M. 14, 163.
      3. 3. Persian, a Persian: solere reges barbaros Persarum ac Syrorum pluris uxores habere, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 33, § 76; Nep. Milt. 7, 1; id. Them. 3, 1; 6, 2; 7, 5; Curt. 3, 11, 16; 5, 10. 2.
        Thus the king of the Persians is called barbarus, Nep. Them. 4, 4; id. Con. 4, 3; and high officers of the king, barbari, id. Ages. 3, 1; cf.: Romanum agmen ad similitudinem barbari incessus convertere, Tac. A. 3, 33.
      4. 4. In gen., for any hostile people (among the Romans, after the Aug. age, esp. the German tribes, as, among the Greeks, after the Persian war, the Persians): opinio, quae animos gentium barbararum pervaserat, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 9, 23; id. Sull. 27, 76; of the Gauls, Liv. 6, 42, 7; the Germans, Tac. H. 4, 29; 5, 14; id. A. 1, 64; Suet. Aug. 21; id. Tib. 9; id. Calig. 5; 47; 51; id. Galb. 6; id. Dom. 6; 12; Amm. 18, 2, 5: ut sunt fluxioris fidei barbari, id. 18, 2, 18; the Thracians, Nep. Alcib. 7, 4; Tac. A. 4, 47; 11, 51; Carthaginians, Nep. Timol. 1, 1; Cilicians, id. Thras. 4, 4; Phœnicians and Cyprians, id. Cim. 2, 3; Parthians, Suet. Vesp. 8; Tac. A. 2, 2; 13, 26; Africans, Cic. Att. 9, 7; Suet. Galb. 7; Claud. 42; Tac. A. 4, 25; Britons, id. ib. 16, 17; 12, 35; 14, 32; even of the Dassaretians, a Greek people, Liv. 31, 33, 5; while the Romans did not elsewhere use barbarus for Greek.
  2. II. Transf., foreign, strange, in mind or character.
    1. A. In mind, uncultivated, ignorant; rude, unpolished: qui aliis inhumanus ac barbarus, isti uni commodus ac disertus videretur, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 9, § 23: ecqua civitas est … aut tam potens aut tam libera aut etiam tam inmanis ac barbara, etc., id. ib. 2, 4, 11, § 24: nationes, Tac. H. 3, 5; Prop. 2, 16, 27: Maroboduus … natione magis quam ratione barbarus, Vell. 2, 108, 2.
      Comp., of verses: non sunt illa suo barbariora loco, Ov. Tr. 5, 1, 72.
    2. B. Of character, wild, savage, cruel, barbarous: neque tam barbari linguā et natione illi, quam tu naturā et moribus, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 50, § 112: immanis ac barbara consuetudo hominum immolandorum, id. Font. 14, 31 (10, 21); id. Phil. 3, 6, 15; 13, 9, 21: gens, id. Sull. 27, 76: homines, id. Verr. 2, 1, 32, § 81: homo, id. ib. 2, 5, 57, § 148: pirata, id. Rosc. Am. 50, 146: praedones, id. Verr. 2, 4, 55, § 122; Tib. 2, 5, 48: tollite barbarum Morem, Hor. C. 1, 27, 2: Medea, id. Epod. 5, 61: domina, id. C. 3, 27, 66: libidines, id. ib. 4, 12, 7: ignis, Ov. M. 14, 574: populus, Vulg. Psa. 113, 1.
      * Comp.: sacra barbariora, Ov. P. 3, 2, 78.
      Sup. not in use.
      Hence, adv.: barbărē.
    1. A. Prop., as a foreigner would, in a foreign tongue: Demophilus scripsit; Marcus vortit barbare, i. e. into Latin, Plaut. As. prol. 10; id. Trin. prol. 19; cf. barbarus, I. B. 1.
    2. B. Transf.
        1. a. Rudely, ignorantly, in an uncultivated way: si grammaticum se professus quispiam barbare loqueretur, Cic. Tusc. 2, 4, 12: ut is, a quo insolenter quid aut minaciter aut crudeliter dictum sit, barbare locutus existimetur, Quint. 1, 5, 9: tota saepe theatra et omnem Circi turbam exclamasse barbare scimus, id. 1, 6, 45.
        2. b. Rudely, roughly, barbarously, cruelly: dulcia barbare Laedentem oscula, Hor. C. 1, 13, 15: ferociter et barbare facere, Vulg. 2 Macc. 15, 2.

Barbatĭa, ae, f., a town in Arabia, Plin. 6, 28, 32, § 146.

* barbātōrĭa, ae, f. [barba], a shaving of the beard: facere, to shave the beard for the first time, Petr. 73, 6.

barbātŭlus, a, um, adj. dim. [barbatus], having a small or foppish beard: concursabant barbatuli juvenes, Cic. Att. 1, 14, 5; 1, 16, 10; Hier. Ep. 117, n. 6 and 10.
Transf. to fishes: barbatuli mulli, Cic. Par. 5, 2, 38.

barbātus, a, um, adj. [barba].

  1. I. Having a beard, bearded.
    1. A. Of men: dicere licebit Jovem semper barbatum, Apollinem semper imberbem, Cic. N. D. 1, 30, 83; 1, 36, 100: quos aut imberbes aut bene barbatos videtis, id. Cat. 2, 10, 22.
      Poet. as a designation of age, Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 25: equitare in harundine longā, Si quem delectet barbatum, i. e. an adult, * Hor. S. 2, 3, 249: sub Jove, sed Jove nondum barbato, i. e. in the earliest time, when Jupiter was yet young, Juv. 6, 16; 13, 56.
      Hence,
      1. 2. Meton.
        1. a. For a Roman of the olden time (in which the beard was not shaved, v. barba): aliquis mihi ab inferis excitandus est ex barbatis illis, non hac barbulā, sed illā horridā, quam in statuis antiquis et imaginibus videmus, Cic. Cael. 14, 33: unus aliquis ex barbatis illis, exemplum imperii veteris, imago antiquitatis, etc., id. Sest 8, 19: haec jam tum apud illos barbatos ridicula, credo, videbantur, id. Mur. 12, 26; id. Fin. 4, 23, 62: hic mos jam apud illos antiquos et barbatos fuit, id. Fragm. Or. II. pro Cornel. 18; Juv. 4, 103.
        2. b. A philosopher (since they wore long beards), Pers. 4, 1; Juv. 14, 12; cf. Hor. S. 1, 3, 133; and as subst. barbatus nudus, Mart. 14, 81.
    2. B. Of animals, fishes, etc., bearded: hirculus, Cat. 19, 16; also absol. barbatus, a goat, Phaedr. 4, 9, 10: mulli, Cic. Att. 2, 1, 7 (cf. id. Par. 5, 2, 28, and Plin. 9, 17, 30, § 64): aquila, a species of eagle, also called ossifraga, Plin. 10, 3, 3, § 11.
  2. II. Transf.
    1. A. Of plants (cf. barba, II. A.), woolly, downy: nux, Plin. 19, 1, 2, § 14.
    2. B. Of other things: ne toga barbatos faciat vel paenula libros, i. e. wear out, make bearded, Mart. 14, 84.
    3. C. A cognomen of Lucius Corn. Scipio, Inscr.