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āra, ae, f. (Osc. form aasa; Umbr. asa: PELLEX. ASAM. IVNONIS. NE. TAGITO., Lex Numae ap. Gell. 4, 3, 3; cf. Serv. ad Verg. A. 4, 219; Macr. S. 3, 2) [perh. Sanscr. ās, Gr. ἧμαι, Dor. ἧσμαι = to sit, as the seat or resting-place of the victim or offering; v. Curt. p. 381 sq.], an altar.

  1. I. Lit.: Jovis aram sanguine turpari, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 35, 85 (Trag. v. 125 Vahl.): Inde ignem in aram, ut Ephesiae Dianae laeta laudes, Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 1: omnīs accedere ad aras … aras sanguine multo Spargere, Lucr. 5, 1199 sq.; so id. 1, 84: turicremas aras, id. 2, 353 (adopted by Verg. A. 4, 453); 2, 417: multo sanguine maesti Conspergunt aras adolentque altaria donis, id. 4, 1237 al.: ara Aio Loquenti consecrata, Cic. Div. 1, 45, 101: ara condita atque dicata, Liv. 1, 7; cf. Suet. Claud. 2: ara sacrata, Liv. 40, 22; cf. Suet. Tib. 14: exstruere, id. Aug. 15; so Vulg. 4 Reg. 21, 4: construere, ib. 2 Par. 33, 3: facere, ib. ib. 33, 15: erigere, ib. Num. 23, 4: aedificare, ib. 3 Reg. 14, 23: ponere, ib. ib. 16, 32: destruere, ib. Exod. 34, 13, and ib. Jud. 6, 25: subvertere, ib. Deut. 7, 5: dissipare, ib. ib. 12, 3: suffodere, ib. Jud. 31, 32: demolire, ib. Ezech. 6, 4: depopulari, ib. Osee, 10, 2: interibunt arae vestrae, ib. Ezech. 6, 6 et saep.
    Altars were erected not only in the temples, but also in the streets and highways, in the open air, Plaut. Aul. 4, 1, 20.
    Esp. were altars erected in the courts of houses (impluvia), for the family gods (Penates), while the household gods (Lares) received offerings upon a small hearth (focus) in the family hall (atrium); hence, arae et foci, meton. for home, or hearth and home, and pro aris et focis pugnare, to fight for altars and fires, for one’s dearest possessions: urbem, agrum, aras, focos seque dedere, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 71: te amicum Deiotari regis arae focique viderunt, Cic. Deiot. 3: de vestris conjugibus ac liberis, de aris ac focis, decernite, id. Cat. 4, 11, 24; id. Sest. 42: nos domicilia, sedesque populi Romani, Penates, aras, focos, sepulcra majorum defendimus, id. Phil. 8, 3: patriae, parentibus, aris atque focis bellum parare, Sall. C. 52, 3: pro patriā, pro liberis, pro aris atque focis suis cernere, id. ib. 59, 5: sibi pro aris focisque et deūm templis ac solo, in quo nati essent, dimicandum fore, Liv. 5, 30 et saep.
    Criminals fled to the altars for protection, Don. ad Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 22: interim hanc aram occupabo, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 45: Priamum cum in aram confugisset, hostilis manus interemit, Cic. Tusc. 1, 35, 85: eo ille confugit in arāque consedit, Nep. Paus. 4, 4: Veneris sanctae considam vinctus ad aras: haec supplicibus favet, Tib. 4, 13, 23.
    Hence, trop., protection, refuge, shelter: tamquam in aram confugitis ad deum, Cic. N. D. 3, 10, 25: ad aram legum confugere, id. Verr. 2, 2, 3: hic portus, haec ara sociorum, id. ib. 2, 5, 48; Ov. Tr. 4, 5, 2; 5, 6, 14; id. H. 1, 110; id. P. 2, 8, 68.
    One who took an oath was accustomed to lay hold of the altar, in confirmation of it, Plaut. Rud. 5, 2, 46: qui si aram tenens juraret, crederet nemo, Cic. Fl. 36, 90; Nep. Hann. 2, 4 (cf. Liv. 21, 1): tango aras, medios ignes et numina testor, Verg. A. 12, 201; 4, 219: ara sepulcri, a funeral pile, regarded as an altar, Verg. A. 6, 177; Sil. 15, 388.
  2. II. Meton.
    1. A. The Altar, a constellation in the southern sky, Gr. Θυτήριον (Arat. 403 al.): Aram, quam flatu permulcet spiritus austri, poët. ap. Cic. N. D. 2, 44, 114; so Cic. Arat. 202; 213 Orell.; Hyg. Astr. 2, 39, and id. ib. 3, 38: pressa, i. e. low in the south, Ov. M. 2, 139.
    2. B. Arae, The Altars.
        1. a. Rocky cliffs in the Mediterranean Sea, between Sicily Sardinia and Africa, so called from their shape, Varr. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 108; Quadrig. Ann. ib.: saxa vocant Itali, mediis quae in fluctibus, Aras, Verg. A. 1, 109.
        2. b. Arae Philaenorum, v. Philaeni.
  3. III. Transf., in gen., a monument of stone: ara virtutis, Cic. Phil. 14, 13: Lunensis ara, of Lunensian marble, Suet. Ner. 50 fin.
    Also a tombstone: ARAM D. S. P. R. (de suā pecuniā restituit), Inscr. Orell. 4521; so ib. 4522; 4826.

ărăbarches (this is the proper form, not ălăbarches; cf. Haeckermann in Jahn’s Neue Jahrbb. 1849, 15, supplem., pp. 450-566; very likely some said alabarches and alabarchia, because of the foll. r, to avoid two rs), ae, m., = ἀραβάρχης, an officer of customs in Egypt, Juv. 1, 130 Jahn, Hermann.
Sarcastically of Pompey, because he boasted that he had augmented the taxes so much: velim ex Theophane expiscere, quonam in me animo sit Arabarches, Cic. Att. 2, 17, 3.

ărăbarchīa (not ălăb-; v. arabarches), ae, f., a kind of customs in Egypt, Cod. Just. 4, 61, 9.

Ā̆răbĭa (on account of the long A in Prop. 3, 10, 16, erroneously written by many Arrabia; cf. Jahn ad Hor. C. 3, 4, 9), ae, f., = Ἀραβία.

  1. I. In an extended sense, the country Arabia, divided by the ancients into Petrœa (from its principal city, Petra), Deserta, and Felix, Plin. 5, 11, 12, § 65; Mel. 1, 10; Vulg. 3 Reg. 10, 15; ib. Gal. 4, 25 al.
  2. II. In a more restricted sense, a town in Arabia Felix, Mel. 3, 8, 7.
    Hence, Ā̆răbĭcus, a, um, adj., Arabic, Arabian: odor (i. e. tus), Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 2: sinus, Plin. 2, 67, 67, § 168; Mel. 3, 8, 1: resina, Plin. 14, 20, 25, § 122: adamas, id. 37, 4, 15, § 56: alites, id. 37, 10, 54, § 146: balanus, id. 12, 21, 46, § 102: lapicidinae, i. e. of alabaster, id. 36, 12, 17, § 78: spina, the acacia, id. 24, 12, 65, § 107: vectis, Curt. 7, 2. 17.
    Absol.: Ā̆răbĭca, ae, f. (sc. gemma), a precious stone, similar to ivory, perh. a kind of chalcedony or onyx, Plin. 37, 10, 54, § 145; Isid. Orig. 16, 14.—Ā̆răbĭcē, adv.: facite olant aedes Arabice, make the apartments redolent with the perfumes of Araby (frankincense, which was brought from Arabia), Plaut. ap. Diom. p. 378 P. (Arabice olet, id est ex odoribus Arabicis, Fest. p. 23): Arabice sacri vocantur, in Arabic, Sol. c. 33.

* ărābĭlis, e, adj. [aro], that can be ploughed, arable: campus nullis arabilis tauris, Plin. 17, 5, 3, § 41.

Ā̆răbĭus (incorrectly Arr-, v. Arabia), a, um, adj., = Ἀράβιος, a secondary form of Arabus and Arabs, Arabian: advecti ad Arabiam terram, Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 88: odor, id. Poen. 5, 4, 6 (Charis. p. 99 P. reads Arabus): bombyx, Prop. 2, 3, 15: limen, furnished with Arabian curtains, id. 1, 14, 19: genus capparis, Plin. 13, 23, 44, § 127 Jan.

Ā̆rabs, ăbis, adj. (acc. Gr. Arabas, Ov. M. 10, 478), = Ἄραψ, proceeding from Arabia, Arabian: pastor Arabs, Prop. 4, 12, 8: messor Arabs, Mart. 3, 65, 5.
Hence, subst., an Arab, Arabian: Eoi Arabes, Tib. 3, 2, 24: Eoae domus Arabum, Verg. G. 2, 115; Vulg. 2 Par. 17, 11; ib. Act. 2, 11.
Meton., for Arabia: palmiferos Arabas, Ov. M. 10, 478.

1. Ā̆răbus, a, um, adj. [a parallel form with Arabs, as Aethiopus with Aethiops; cf. Serv. ad Verg. A. 7, 605; Charis. p. 99 P.], Arabian, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 99: ros, Ov. H. 15, 76 Heins.: lapis, Plin. 36, 21, 41, § 153.—Ā̆răbi, ōrum, m., the Arabs, Arabians, C. Cassius ap. Charis. p. 99: Verg. A. 7, 605.

2. Ā̆răbus, i, m., = Αραβις, Ptol.; Ἀράβιος, Arrian; Ἄρβις, Strab., a river in Gedrosia, now Korkes, Curt. 9, 10, ubi v. Zumpt.

3. Ā̆răbus, i, m., the son of Apollo and Babylon, represented as the inventor of the medical art, Plin. 7, 56, 57, § 196.

† ărăchidna, ae, f., = ἀράχιδνα, a wild leguminous plant, a kind of chickling vetch: Lathyrus amphicarpos, Linn.; Plin. 21, 15, 52, § 89.

Ărachnē, ēs, f., = Ἀράχνη (a spider).

  1. I. Myth., a Lydian maiden, who challenged Minerva to a trial of skill in spinning, and, as a punishment, was changed by the goddess into a spider, Ov. M. 6, 5 sq. (another form, Ărachnēa, ae, = Ἀράχνεια, like Calliopēa from Calliope, Manil. 4, 135).
  2. II. Arachne, a kind of sundial, Vitr. 9, 9.

Ărăchōsĭa, ae, f., = Ἀραχωσία.

  1. I. A province of the Persian kingdom, separated from India by the Indus, Plin. 6, 23, 25, § 82.
    Hence,
  2. II. Derivv.
    1. A. Ără-chōsĭi, ōrum, m., the inhabitants of Arachosia, Just. 13, 4.
    2. B. Ărăchōtae, ārum, m., the same, Prisc. Perieg. 1003.

1. ărăcĭa, ae, f., a kind of white figtree, Plin. 15, 18, 19, § 70, where Jan reads aratia.

2. Ărăcĭa, ae, f., = Ἀρακία, an island in the Persian Gulf, now Karek, Plin. 6, 25, 28, § 111.

Ărăcynthus, i, m., = Ἀράκυνθος.

  1. I. A mountain in Ætolia (acc. to some, in Acarnania), now Zygos, Plin. 4, 2, 3, § 6.
  2. II. A mountain between Bœotia and Attica, Prop. 4, 14, 42; Stat. Th. 2, 239; with the epithet Actaeus (Attic), Verg. E. 2, 24.

Ārădĭus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Aradus (now Ruad), a city on an island of the same name on the coast of Phœnicia (Plin. 5, 20, 17, § 78; Mel. 2, 7; cf. Mann. Phoenic. p. 309): quod genus endo marist Aradī fons, Lucr. 6, 891.
Hence, Ārădĭi, ōrum, m., the inhabitants of Aradus, Plin. 5, 20, 17, § 78.

† ăraeostylos, on, adj., = ἀραιόστυλος, with columns standing for apart, areostyle, Vitr. 3, 2 and 3.

ărānĕa, ae, f. [ἀράχνη].

  1. I. A spider: aranearum perdere texturam, Plaut. Stich. 2, 2, 24: antiquas exercet aranea telas, Ov. M. 6, 145: tela aranearum, Vulg. Job, 8, 14; so ib. Isa. 59, 5; ib. Osee, 8, 6: araneae textura, Sen. Ep. 121: invisa Minervae aranea, Verg. G. 4, 247: anni nostri sicut aranea meditabuntur, Vulg. Psa. 89, 10.
  2. II. Meton.
    1. A. A spider’s web, cobweb: (aedes) oppletae araneis, Plaut. Aul. 1, 2, 6: ut aranea bratteaque auri, Lucr. 4, 727: arcula plena aranearum, Afran. ap. Fest. s. v. tanne, p. 154 Müll. (Com. Rel. p. 217 Rib.): Catulli Plenus sacculus est aranearum, Cat. 13, 8: summo quae pendet aranea tigno, Ov. M. 4, 179; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 158.
    2. B. Also, for threads similar to spiders’ webs: salicis fructus ante maturitatem in araneam abit, Plin. 24, 9, 37, § 56.

* ărānĕans, antis, Part. [as if from araneo, āre], containing spiders’ webs: fauces, i. e. through which no food has passed for a long time, App. M. 4, p. 152, 34.

* ărānĕŏla, ae, f. dim. [aranea], a small spider, Cic. N. D. 2, 48, 113.

* ărānĕŏlus, i, m. dim. [araneus], i. q. araneola, Verg. Cul. 2.

ărānĕōsus, a, um, adj. [araneum].

  1. I. Lit., full of spiders’ webs: situs, Cat. 25, 3.
  2. II. Meton., similar to cobwebs: fila, Plin. 11, 19, 21, § 65: caulis araneosus in mandendo, id. 21, 15, 51, § 87: lanugo, id. 24, 12, 66, § 108 al.

ărānĕum, i, n., v. 2. araneus.

1. ărānĕus, i, m. [ἀραχνός].

  1. I. A spider, Lucr. 3, 383; Cat. 23, 2: aranei (apibus) hostiles, Plin. 11, 19, 21, § 65: araneorum natura, id. 11, 24, 28, § 79: aranei textura, Sen. Ep. 121, 22 al.
  2. II. A sea-fish: Draco trachinus, Linn.; Plin. 32, 11, 53, § 145.

2. ărānĕus, a, um, adj. [1. araneus].

  1. I.
    1. A. Pertaining to the spider, spider’s-: genus, Plin. 18, 17, 44, § 156: texta, id. 29, 4, 27, § 86.
      Hence,
    2. B. Subst.: ărā-nĕum, i, n., a spider’s web, = ἀράχνιον: tollere haec aranea quantum est laboris? Phaedr. 2, 8, 23.
      1. 2. A disease of the vine and of the olive-tree, Plin. 17, 24, 36, § 7.
  2. II. Araneus mus, a kind of small mouse, acc. to some the shrew-mouse, Col. 6, 17, 1; Plin. 8, 58, 83, § 227.

arapennis, v. arepennis.

Ărar (also Ărăris, Claud. Ruf. 2, 111; Eutr. 1, 405; Inscr. Orell. 4018; acc. Ararim, Verg. E. 1, 63; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 33; and Ararin, Claud. B. Get. 298: abl. Arari, Caes. B. G. 1, 13; 1, 16 MSS.; Arare, Tac. A. 13, 53; id. H. 2, 59; Serv. ad Verg. E. 1, 63; cf. Schneid. Gr. II. pp. 214, 298; Neue, Formenl. I. pp. 639, 184 sq., 228), is, m., a river in Celtic Gaul, now the Saone, Caes. B. G. 1, 12; Tib. 1, 7, 11; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 33; Sil. 15, 504; Claud. M. Theod. 53; Eutr. 2, 269; cf. Mann. Gall. p. 76 (in Amm. 15, 11, called Saucona, whence comes the name Saōne).

Ararauceles, ium, m., a people in Cyrenaica in Africa, Plin. 5, 5, 5, § 33.

ărāter, tri, m. (a rare form for aratrum), a plough, Hyg. Limit. p. 204 Goes.

Ărātēus (Ărātī-), a, um, adj., = Ἀράτειος, of or belonging to the Greek poet Aratus, Aratean: lucernae, Cinna ap. Isid. Orig. 6, 12.
Hence, absol.: nostra quaedam Aratea, i. e. the Φαινόμενα of Aratus, translated by Cicero into Latin, Cic. Div. 2, 5, 14 B. and K.; of this translation we still possess large portions; v. Cic. Orell. IV. pp. 1014, 1033: carminibus Arateis, Cic. N. D. 2, 41, 104.

ărātĭo, ōnis, f. [aro].

  1. I. A ploughing, and in gen. the cultivation of the ground, agriculture: iteratio arationis peracta esse debet, si, etc., Col. 11, 2, 64: aratione per transversum iterata, Plin. 18, 20, 49, § 180: ut quaestuosa mercatura, fructuosa aratio dicitur, Cic. Tusc. 5, 31, 86.
  2. II. Meton. (abstr. for concr.), ploughed land, Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 47 (cf. aratiuncula): (calsa) nascitur in arationibus, Plin. 27, 8, 36, § 58.
    Esp., in Roman financial lang., the public farms or plots of land farmed out for a tenth of the produce (cf. arator, I. B.), Cic. Phil. 2, 39 fin.; id. Verr. 2, 3, 98.

* ărātĭuncŭla, ae, f. dim. [aratio], a small arable field, or a small estate, Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 46.

Ărātīus, a, um, v. Arateus.

ărātor, ōris, m. [aro].

  1. I.
    1. A. Lit., one that ploughs, a ploughman; freq. poet. = agricola, a husbandman, farmer, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 38: caput quassans grandis suspirat arator Crebrius, * Lucr. 2, 1164: luce sacrā requiescat arator, Tib. 2, 1, 5: Concidere infelix validos miratur arator Inter opus tauros, Ov. M. 7, 538; 8, 218; 15, 553: neque jam stabulis gaudet pecus aut aratorigni, * Hor. C. 1, 4, 3 et saep.
      Adj.: taurus arator, Ov. F. 1, 698: bos arator, Suet. Vesp. 5; v. Zumpt, § 102.
    2. B. In the Rom. lang. of finance, aratores, the cultivators of public lands for a tenth of the produce; cf. aratio, II. (usu. the Roman knights): aratorum penuria, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 55; so id. ib. 2, 1, 37; 2, 2, 13; 2, 2, 64; 2, 3, 20; 2, 3, 27; 2, 3, 50; id. Phil. 3, 9; Inscr. Orell. 3308; Suet. Aug. 42.
  2. II. Meton., The Ploughman, a constellation, Nigid. and Varr. ap. Serv. ad Verg. G. 1, 19.

* ărātro and contr. artro, āre, v. a. [aratrum], to plough after sowing: quod nunc vocant artrare, id est aratrare, Plin. 18, 20, 49, § 182.

ărātrum, i, n. [ἄροτρον], a plough (the inventor of which was Byzyges, acc. to Plin. 7, 56, 57, § 199; or Triptolemus, acc. to Verg. G. 1, 19. The parts of it were temo, stiva, manicula, vomer, buris, aures, and dentale. For a description of it, v. Verg. G. 1, 162 sqq.; Pauly’s Real-Ency. I. pp. 665 sq.; and Smith, Dict. Antiq.); Lucr. 1, 313; 5, 219: curvi moderator aratri, id. 5, 933, and id. 6, 1251; Cic. Rosc. Am. 18; id. Agr. 2, 25; id. N. D. 2, 63, 159; Verg. G. 1, 19; 1, 170 et saep.: imprimere aratrum muris, to press the plough into the walls (of a town), i. e. to turn a town into arable land, to destroy completely, Hor. C. 1, 16, 20; cf. Sen. Clem. 1, 26, 4; used for marking the boundaries of new towns, Cic. Phil. 2, 40: Aeneas urbem designat aratro, Verg. A. 5, 755, ubi v. Serv.; Cato ap. Isid. Orig. 15, 2; Inscr. Orell. 3683.

1. ărātus, a, um, Part. of aro.

2. Ărātus, i, m., = Ἄρατος.

  1. I. A Greek poet of Soli, in Cilicia, who fl. B. C. 250; author of an astronomical poem, entitled Φαινόμενα, which Cicero, and afterwards Caesar Germanicus, translated into Latin, Cic. de Or. 1, 16, 69; id. Rep. 1, 22, 56; id. N. D. 2, 41; Ov. Am. 1, 15, 16; Stat. S. 5, 3, 23 (Ărătŭs, Paul. Nol. Carm. 19, 125; Sid. Carm. 23, 112).
  2. II. Aratus of Sicyon, a distinguished Greek general, founder of the Achœan League, Cic. Off. 2, 23, 81 (v. his life written by Plutarch).

Ărauris, is, m., a river in Gallia Narbonensis now Herault, Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 32, where Jan reads Araris; Mel. 2, 5, 6; cf. Mann. Gall. 66.

Ărausĭo, ōnis, f., a town in Gallia Narbonensis, now Orange, Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36; Mel. 2, 5, 2; cf. Mann. Gall. 93.

Ăraxes, is, m., = Ἀράξης.

  1. I. A river in Armenia Major, now Aras, Verg. A. 8, 728; Prop. 4, 11, 8; Sen. Hippol. 47; Plin. 6, 9, 9, § 25; Mel. 3, 5, 5.
    Trop., a dweller on the Araxes: pharetratus Araxes, Stat. S. 5, 2, 32.
  2. II. A river in Persia, now Bendemir, Curt. 4, 5, 21.