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in-fĕro, intŭli, illātum, inferre, v. a., to carry, bring, put, or throw into or to a place (class.); constr. with in and acc., ad, or the dat.

  1. I. Lit.
          1. (α) With in and acc.: in equum, to bring or set upon a horse, Caes. B. G. 6, 29: coronam in curiam, Liv. 44, 14, 3: Scipio lecticula in aciem inlatus, id. 24, 42, 5: in portum quinqueremes, id. 28, 17, 5; cf. id. 26, 21, 6; 10, 2, 13: arma in Italiam, Nep. Ham. 4, 2: bello in provinciam illato, Cic. Fam. 15, 2, 1; id. Sest. 27, 58; Liv. 9, 25, 2.
          2. (β) With dat.: semina arvis, Tac. A. 11, 54: fontes urbi, id. ib. 11, 13; cf.: pedem aliquo, to go or proceed to a place, Cic. Caecin. 14, 39: spolia opima templo, id. 4, 20.
          3. (γ) With ad: scalas ad moenia, to set against the walls, Liv. 32, 24, 5.
          4. (δ) Absol.: inferri mensam secundam jussi, to be served up, Plin. 9, 35, 58, § 120: gressus, Verg. G. 4, 360.
    1. B. To throw upon, apply to any thing; esp. of fire, to set fire to: tectis et templis ignes inferre conati sunt, to set fire to, Cic. Cat. 3, 9, 22; cf.: aliquid in ignem, Caes. B. G. 6, 18.
    2. C. In partic.
      1. 1. To bring to a place for burial, to bury, inter: ne quis sepulcra deleat, neve alienum inferat, Cic. Leg. 2, 26, 64: reliquias ejus majorum tumulis inferri jussit, Just. 11, 15.
      2. 2. To furnish, pay (a tribute or tax): tributum alicui, Col. 1, 1, 11: vicesimam, Plin. Pan. 39, 6: septingenta milia aerario inferenda, id. Ep. 2, 11, 20.
      3. 3. To give in, enter (an account): sumptum civibus, Cic. Fl. 19, 45: rationes falsas, id. ib. 9, 20: rationibus, to bring into account, Col. 1, 7, 7: aliquid in rationes, Dig. 34, 3, 12.
      4. 4. Milit.: signa (arma) in hostem, or hosti, to bear the standards against the enemy, to attack, make an attack upon: conversa signa in hostes inferre, to wheel about and attack, Caes. B. G. 2, 26; Liv. 6, 29, 2; 9, 27, 12; saep. with dat.: trepidantibus inferunt signa Romani, id. 3, 18, 8; 8, 30, 7; Curt. 8, 14, 15: signa patriae urbi, Cic. Fl. 2, 5; Liv. 28, 3, 13; so, inferre arma, Nep. Dat. 6, 5: pedem, to advance, attack, Liv. 10, 33, 4; so, gradum: gradum acrius intulere Romani, id. 35, 1, 9: bellum alicui, to make war upon, to wage war against, Cic. Pis. 34: bellum Italiae, id. Att. 9, 1, 3: bellum contra patriam, id. Phil. 2, 22, 53: arma, to begin a war, commence hostilities, Liv. 1, 30, 8.
      5. 5. Se, to betake one’s self to, repair to, go into, enter, esp. with the accessory notion of haste and rapidity.
        With dat.: visa vi quadam sua inferunt sese hominibus noscitanda, present, offer themselves, Gell. 19, 1, 15: lucus erat, quo se Numa sine arbitris inferebat, Liv. 1, 21, 3: se foribus, Verg. A. 11, 36: se flammae, Vell. 2, 74.
        With a play upon I. β, supra: me inferre Veneri vovi jam jentaculum (cf. the context), Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 72.
        With in and acc.: se in periculum capitis atque in vitae discrimen, to rush upon, expose one’s self to, Cic. Balb. 10, 25: cum se in mediam contionem intulisset, Liv. 5, 43, 8; 4, 33, 7; 7, 17, 5; 24, 16, 1 al.
        Absol.: viden’ ignavum, ut se inferat! how he struts! how proudly he walks! Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 54: ut magnifice infert sese, id. Ps. 4, 1, 7: atque etiam se ipse inferebat, presented himself, came unbidden, Cic. Caecin. 5; Liv. 2, 30, 13; 22, 5, 5; Tac. H. 4, 66; id. Agr. 37; Curt. 4, 12, 14 al.
  2. II. Trop.
    1. A. In gen., to bring forward, introduce; to produce, make, excite, occasion, cause, inflict: in re severa delicatum aliquem inferre sermonem, Cic. Off. 1, 40, 144: mentionem, to make mention, to mention, Liv. 4, 1, 2: spem alicui, Caes. B. G. 2, 25: quam maximum terrorem hostibus, id. ib. 7, 8: alicui injuriam, id. ib. 54; Val. Max. 8, 1, 6; cf.: injuriis in socios nostros inferendis, Cic. Sest. 27, 58: calamitatem, Caes. B. G. 1, 12: turpitudines, Cic. Phil. 14, 3, 9: crimen proditionis alicui, id. Verr. 2, 5, 41, § 106: periculum civibus, id. Sest. 1, 2: probrum castis, labem integris, infamiam bonis, id. Cael. 18, 42: moram et impedimentum alicui rei, id. Inv. 1, 9, 12: mortem alicui per scelus, id. Mil. 7, 17: pestilentiam agris, Liv. 5, 14, 3: vim vitae suae, to lay violent hands upon one’s self, Vell. 2, 45: vim et manus alicui, Cic. Cat. 1, 8, 21: vim alicui, Tac. A. 15, 5; Suet. Claud. 16; 37: vulnera hostibus, to give wounds to, to wound, Caes. B. C. 2, 6: delectari criminibus inferendis, Cic. Lael. 18, 65: litem capitis in aliquem, id. Clu. 41, 116: alicui crimen proditionis, id. Verr. 2, 5, 41, § 106: judicium, to judge (post-class.), Dig. 5, 2, 4: prima peregrinos obscena pecunia mores intulit, Juv. 6, 299.
    2. B. In partic., to conclude, infer, draw an inference, Cic. Inv. 1, 47, 87; Quint. 5, 11, 27.

infĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. infer: ubi super inferque vicinus permittet, Cato, R. R. 149), adj. [cf. Sanscr. adh-aras, adh-amas, the lower, lowest; and Lat. infra], that is below, underneath, lower; opp. superus.

  1. I. Posit.
    1. A. In gen.: inferus an superus tibi fert Deus funera, Liv. Andr. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.; cf.: Di Deaeque superi atque inferi, Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36; Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6; cf. also: ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videantur deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse, Cic. Lael. 3, 12: limen superum inferumque salve, Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1: ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus, Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64: loca, the lower parts, id. Arat. 474: fulmina, that come out of the ground, Plin. 2, 52, 53, § 138: aqua, that falls down, rain-water, Varr. ap. Non. 1, 221: mare inferum, the Lower, i. e. the Tuscan Sea (opp. mare superum, the Upper or Adriatic Sea), Mel. 2, 4; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 75; Cic. Att. 9, 3, 1; id. de Or. 3, 19 et saep. also without mare: navigatio infero, upon the Tuscan Sea, id. Att. 9, 5, 1.
    2. B. In partic., underground, belonging to the Lower World: infĕri, ōrum, m. (gen. inferūm for inferorum, Varr. ap. Macr. S. 1, 16; Sen. de Ira, 2, 35), the inhabitants of the infernal regions, the dead: triceps apud inferos Cerberus, Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10: si ab inferis exsistat rex Hiero, were to rise from the dead, Liv. 26, 32: si salvi esse velint, Sulla sit iis ab inferis excitandus, to be raised from the dead, Cic. Cat. 2, 9, 20: inferorum animas elicere, id. Vatin. 6, 14: ad inferos poenas parricidii luere, in the infernal regions, id. Phil. 14, 12, 32: ab inferis excitare aliquem, i. e. to quote the words of one deceased, id. Or. 25, 85; id. Brut. 93, 322.
  2. II. Comp.: infĕrĭor, ius, lower in situation or place.
    1. A. Lit.: spatium, Caes. B. G. 7, 46, 3: locus, id. ib. 2, 25: pars, id. ib. 7, 35: ex inferiore loco dicere, from below (opp. ex superiore loco, from the tribunal), Cic. Att. 2, 24, 3; cf. superus, II. A.: onerosa suo pondere in inferius feruntur, downwards, Ov. M. 15, 241: scriptura, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117.
      Plur. subst.: infĕrĭōres, um, m., the people of the lower part of the city, Auct. B. Alex. 6, 3.
    2. B. Trop.
      1. 1. Subsequent, later, latter, in time or succession: erant inferiores quam illorum aetas, qui, etc., lived later, were younger, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 2; cf.: aetate inferiores paulo quam Iulius, etc., id. Brut. 49, 182; and: inferioris aetatis esse, id. ib. 64, 228: inferiores quinque dies, the latter, Varr. L. L. 6, § 13 Müll.
      2. 2. Inferior in quality, rank, or number.
          1. (α) With abl. specif.: voluptatibus erant inferiores, nec pecuniis ferme superiores, Cic. Rep. 2, 34: inferior fortunā, id. Fam. 13, 5, 2: dignitate, auctoritate, existimatione, gratia non inferior, quam qui umquam fuerunt amplissimi, id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 6: inferiores animo, Caes. B. G. 3, 24: quemadmodum causa inferior, dicendo fieri superior posset, Cic. Brut. 8: erat multo inferior navium numero Brutus, Caes. B. C. 1, 57.
            With abl.: ut humanos casus virtute inferiores putes, Cic. Lael. 2.
          2. (β) With in and abl.: in jure civili non inferior, quam magister fuit, Cic. Brut. 48, 179.
          3. (γ) Absol.: inferiores extollere, Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. § 71: invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus, id. de Or. 2, 52, 209; cf.: indignum est, a pari vinci aut superiore, indignius ab inferiore atque humiliore, id. Quint. 31: supplices inferioresque, id. Font. 11: ordines, Caes. B. C. 1, 46: crudelis in inferiores, Auct. Her. 4, 40: non inferiora secutus, naught inferior, Verg. A. 6, 170.
  3. III. Sup. in two forms: infĭmus (or infŭmus) and īmus.
    1. A. Form infimus (infumus), a, um, lowest, last (= imus; but where the lowest of several objects is referred to, infimus is used, Cic. N. D. 1, 37, 103; 2, 6, 17; v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).
      1. 1. Lit.: stabiliendi causa singuli ab infimo solo pedes terra exculcabantur, Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 7: ab infimis radicibus montis, id. B. C. 1, 41, 3; 1, 42, 2: cum scripsissem haec infima, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6: ab infima ara, from the lowest part of the altar, id. Div. 1, 33; cf.: sub infimo colle, the foot, Caes. B. G. 7, 79.
        Subst.: infĭmum, i, n., the lowest part, bottom, in the phrase: ab infimo, from below, at the bottom, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 140: collis erat leniter ab infimo acclivis, Caes. B. G. 7, 19, 1 (for which, ab imo; v. below, B. 1.): stipites demissi et ab infimo revincti, id. ib. 7, 73, 3; cf. Sen. Q. N. 3, 30, 4; 6, 4, 1; so, ad infimum, at the bottom, Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 3: collis passus circiter CC. infimus apertus, at the bottom, id. ib. 2, 18, 2.
      2. 2. Trop., lowest, meanest, basest in quality or rank: infima faex populi, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6; cf.: condicio servorum, id. Off. 1, 13: infimo loco natus, id. Fl. 11: summos cum infimis pari jure retinebat, id. Off. 2, 12: humilitas natalium, Plin. 18, 6, 7, § 37: preces, the most humble, Liv. 8, 2; 29, 30.
        Hence, infĭmē, adv., only trop., at the bottom (late Lat.): quid summe est, quid infime, Aug. Ep. 18, 2.
    2. B. Form imus, a, um, the lowest, deepest, last ( = infimus; but when opp. to summus, to express a whole from end to end, imus is used; v. Suet. Aug. 79; Quint. 2, 13, 9; Liv. 24, 34, 9; Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).
      1. 1. Lit.: ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum, Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20: terra ima sede semper haeret, id. Rep. 6, 18: fundo in imo, at the very bottom, Verg. A. 6, 581: vox, the deepest bass (opp. vox summa, the treble), Hor. S. 1, 3, 7; Quint. 11, 3, 15: conviva, that reclines at the bottom, Hor. S. 2, 8, 40; Mart. 6, 74: ad imam quercum, at the foot of the oak, Phaedr. 2, 4, 3: in aure ima, at the bottom of the ear, Plin. 11, 45, 103, § 205.
        As substt.
    1. A. Plur.: īmi, ōrum, m., the lowest, most humble: aequalis ad maximos imosque pervenit clementiae tuae admiratio, Sen. Clem. 1, 1, 9: pacis et armorum superis imisque deorum Arbiter, Ov. F. 5, 665.
    2. B. īmum, i, n., the bottom, depth, low est part. Lit.: ab imo ad summum, Hor. S. 2, 3, 308: locus erat paulatim ab imo acclivis, Caes. B. G. 3, 19, 1 (for which, ab infimo; v. above, A. 1.); so, tigna paulum ab imo praeacuta, id. ib. 4, 17: suspirare ab imo, to fetch a deep sigh, Ov. A. A. 3, 675: (aures) instabiles imo facit, at the bottom. at their roots, id. M. 11, 177: aquae perspicuae imo, down to the bottom, id. ib. 5, 588.
      Plur.: ima summis mutare, to turn the lowest into the highest, Hor. C. 1, 34, 12; Vell. 2, 2: ima, the under world, Ov. M. 10, 47.
      With gen.: ima maris, the bottom of the sea, Plin. 32, 6, 21, § 64: ima montis, the foot of a mountain, id. 4, 11, 18, § 40.
      1. 2. Trop., with respect to time or order, the last (mostly poet.): mensis, Ov. F. 2, 52.
        Hence, subst.: īmum, i, n., the last, the end: nihil nostrā intersit an ab summo an ab imo nomina dicere incipiamus, Auct. Her. 3, 18, 30: si quid inexpertum scaenae committis … servetur ad imum, till the last, to the end, Hor. A. P. 126: dormiet in lucem … ad imum Threx erit, at last, id. Ep. 1, 18, 35.